Grasslands enhance ecosystem service multifunctionality above and below ground in agricultural landscapes

1. Managing agricultural landscapes that can integrate production, biodiversity conservation and the flow of ecosystem services (ES) is of paramount importance to simultaneously meet production goals and environmental challenges. However, the response of farmland biodiversity and multiple ES to land-use change at multiple spatial scales remains poorly understood. 2. We explored the effects of land use at local (grassland vs. oilseed rape fields) and landscape scale (cover of permanent grasslands) on the provision of biodiversity (plants, arthropods, birds), five ES (pollination, pest control, soil fertility, carbon storage and water regulation) and overall ES-multifunctionality. 3. ES-multifunctionality was higher in grasslands than in crop fields, by 25.2% above ground and by 106.1% below ground. Multiple threshold analyses highlighted a particularly poor level of performance for belowground functions in crop fields. This habitat type was however capable of providing numerous abovegrou...1. 打造兼具生产功能、生物多样性保护价值与生态系统服务（ecosystem services，ES）供给能力的农业景观，对同时达成生产目标并应对环境挑战而言至关重要。然而，当前学界对农田生物多样性与多项生态系统服务在多空间尺度下对土地利用变化的响应机制仍知之甚少。 2. 本研究探究了局地尺度（草地与油菜田对比）及景观尺度（永久草地占比）下的土地利用方式，对生物多样性（植物、节肢动物、鸟类）、五项生态系统服务（传粉服务、害虫防控、土壤肥力、碳固存与水文调节）以及整体生态系统服务多功能性（ES-multifunctionality）的影响。 3. 草地的生态系统服务多功能性显著高于农田：地上部分高出25.2%，地下部分高出106.1%。多阈值分析结果显示，农田的地下生态功能表现尤其不佳。不过，该生境类型能够提供多项地上……