Spectroscopic and Structural Characterization of SnO₂ Nanoparticles for Sensing and Bone Regeneration

This dataset contains spectroscopic, structural, and microscopic characterization data and images (Raman, SERS, ATR-FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, TGA, TEM/EDS, and DLS) for SnO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by wet-chemical and plant-based green methods and includes the data reported in the associated publication “SnO₂ Nanoparticles for Sensing and Bone Regeneration Application: Wet-Chemical and Plant-Based Green Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Photocatalytic, and SERS Activities”.

Nanoparticle characterization (SnO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by wet-chemical and green methods)
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Samples: SnO₂ nanoparticles obtained by wet-chemical synthesis and green synthesis using plant extracts from rooibos leaves (Aspalathus linearis), pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum), and kiwifruit peels (Actinidiaceae).
Instrumentation: TGA/SDTA 851e thermogravimetric analyzer (Mettler-Toledo, Switzerland).
Measurement parameters: Measurements performed under an air flow of 80 cm³ min⁻¹ in the temperature range 25–1000 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)
Samples: SnO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by wet-chemical and plant-based green methods.
Instrumentation: Tecnai G2 transmission electron microscope (FEI Company, USA) equipped with an EDX microanalyzer and a HAADF detector.
Measurement parameters: Measurements performed at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. Observations were carried out in BF, SAED, HRTEM, and STEM modes.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Samples: Aqueous suspensions of SnO₂ nanoparticles (0.1 wt %).
Instrumentation: Zetasizer Nano ZS analyzer (Malvern Instruments, UK).
Measurement parameters: Measurements performed at 25 °C using a detector with >50 % quantum efficiency at 633 nm. Prior to measurements, the suspension was sonicated for 15 min at 20 W using a Branson SFX250 ultrasonic homogenizer.

UV–Vis spectroscopy
Samples: Aqueous suspensions of SnO₂ nanoparticles and reaction mixtures used in photocatalytic experiments.
Instrumentation: Lambda 25 UV–Vis spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, USA).
Measurement parameters: Absorption spectra recorded to monitor optical properties of SnO₂ nanoparticles and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange.

X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Samples: Powdered SnO₂ nanoparticle samples after calcination.
Instrumentation: Aeris diffractometer (PANalytical, The Netherlands).
Measurement parameters: Cu Kα₁ radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å); diffraction patterns recorded in the angular range 10–80° (2θ).

Raman spectroscopy (Raman)
Samples: SnO₂ nanoparticle powders obtained by wet-chemical and green synthesis.
Instrumentation: InVia Raman spectrometer (Renishaw, UK) equipped with a Leica microscope (50× objective) and an air-cooled CCD detector.
Parameters: Excitation wavelength 785 nm, laser power 10 mW, spectral resolution 4 cm⁻¹, four accumulations per spectrum.

Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
Samples: SnO₂ nanoparticle powders synthesized using different synthesis approaches.
Instrumentation: Nicolet 6700 FTIR spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) equipped with a diamond ATR accessory.
Parameters: Spectral resolution 4 cm⁻¹; 500 scans per spectrum.

Photocatalytic degradation experiments (UV-Vis monitoring)
Samples: Suspensions containing SnO₂ nanoparticles, methyl orange (MeO), and distilled water (molar ratio approx. 1 : 4.5 : 8).
Instrumentation: UV irradiation source (LP2536UV UV lamp, Kamush UV Technology, China) and Lambda 25 UV–Vis spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer).
Parameters: Samples equilibrated in the dark for 30 min before irradiation. Photocatalytic degradation performed under 365 nm UV light (intensity 0.8 mW cm⁻²) for up to 180 min with measurements every 30 min.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (L-phenylalanine sensing)

Samples: Mixtures of SnO₂ nanoparticle suspensions and L-phenylalanine (10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ aqueous solution) incubated for 24 h before measurement.
Instrumentation: InVia Raman spectrometer (Renishaw, UK) equipped with a Leica microscope (50× objective) and CCD detector.
Parameters: Excitation wavelength 785 nm, laser power 10 mW, spectral resolution 4 cm⁻¹, exposure time 40 s per accumulation. Spectra recorded from three different positions on three separate drops of the mixture (nine spectra in total).