i-BUILD: Infrastructure BUsiness models, valuation and Innovation for Local Delivery

Rapid urbanization, with associated housing and infrastructure demands, leads to increased mining and use of non-renewable mineral raw materials needed for the construction industry including concrete and cement. In an emerging economy, like Thailand, which is part of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), current environmental management policies are insufficient to reduce raw material requirements or waste from demolition by generating inputs to construction through reuse or recycling. As part of the European Union (EU), Great Britain has successfully implemented integrated policies and achieved high rates of recycled aggregates in construction (29%) and a 70% reuse and recycling target for construction and demolition (C&D) waste. In this paper, Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of cement/concrete materials is combined with an interpretation of related policies to provide a deeper understanding how to achieve more sustainable management of natural resources. A comparative MFA for the construction industry in Great Britain and Thailand (representing an ASEAN country) has been developed that quantifies raw material inputs, buildings and infrastructure outputs, so that the practices in the two countries can be contrasted. We report domestic cement production and import/export data, and calculate the raw materials needed for cement and its calcination process for concrete production. Considering the most relevant policies and taxation in Great Britain, we identify possible ways forward for Thailand by introducing new policies and taxation that will have positive effects on raw material extraction, processing, construction and disposal practices and disposal behaviors. Following the MFA and policy analysis, we believe that similar benefits apply to other emerging economies.

快速城市化及其伴随的住房和基础设施需求，导致了对建筑业所需包括混凝土和水泥在内的非可再生矿物原材料的开采和使用增加。在如泰国这样的新兴经济体，该国为东南亚国家联盟（东盟）的成员国，现行的环境管理政策不足以通过产生建筑用料的再利用或回收来降低原材料需求或减少拆除产生的废弃物。作为欧盟（EU）的成员国，大不列颠成功实施了综合性政策，实现了建筑（29%）和拆除与建筑（C&D）废物70%的再利用和回收目标。在本文中，将水泥/混凝土材料的物质流分析（MFA）与相关政策的解读相结合，以深入理解如何实现自然资源可持续管理的更深层次。针对大不列颠和泰国（代表东盟国家）的建筑业，已开发出一种比较性的MFA，量化了原材料投入、建筑和基础设施产出，以便对比两国的实践。我们报告了国内水泥生产和进出口数据，并计算了水泥及其煅烧过程用于混凝土生产所需的原料。考虑到大不列颠最相关的政策和税收，我们通过引入新的政策和税收，提出了对泰国原材料提取、加工、建筑和处置实践及处置行为产生积极影响的可行途径。在物质流分析和政策分析之后，我们认为类似的益处也适用于其他新兴经济体。