Input data for running forward simulations of CO2 atmospheric concentrations over Europe for the year 2019.

This dataset provides input data (fluxes, background concentrations, and observations) for running forward simulations of CO2 atmospheric concentrations over Europe for the year 2019 using chemical transport models (CTMs). While some components of the dataset are available in other repositories, this compilation serves to 1) streamline the data collection process for other users and 2) bypass the need to perform data aggregation. Here is a description of each dataset: cams73_latest_co2_conc_surface_inst_2019*.nc CO2 mole fractions from the CAMS global inversion-optimised product v20r2 (Chevallier et al., 2010). The data are provided at a resolution of 3.75° in longitude and 1.9° in latitude, with a 3-hourly temporal resolution. monitor_CO2_CIF_2019.nc Observed CO2 atmospheric mixing ratios in Europe, compiled in version V8 of the ICOS GlobalView Obspack (ICOS RI et al., 2023), include continuous measurements from 58 stations across Europe, incorporating both ICOS and non-ICOS facilities. The original dataset has been aggregated and adapted to match the format of the monitor files used in the Community Inversion Framework (CIF; Berchet et al., 2021). EDGARv4.3_BP2021_CO2_EU2_2019.nc Anthropogenic CO2 fluxes (European, hourly) obtained from EDGAR-v4.2 and BP. The anthropogenic CO2 emissions are based on the spatial distribution from the EDGAR-v4.2 inventory, national and annual budgets from British Petroleum (BP) statistics, and hourly temporal profiles derived using the COFFEE approach (Steinbach et al., 2011, available on the ICOS Carbon Portal). This data is provided at a 0.1° × 0.1° horizontal resolution and hourly temporal resolution. FG2.TRENDY11.ORC3.S3.3H_NBP_resp_2019.nc NBP CO2 fluxes (global, 3-hourly) obtained from ORCHIDEE simulations. The ORCHIDEE-TRENDY simulation is conducted as part of the TRENDY model intercomparison project (e.g., Sitch et al., 2015; Friedlingstein et al., 2022). This simulation uses inputs provided by the project, including the CRUERA atmospheric climate forcing (global, 6-hourly, 0.5-degree resolution), LUH2 land-use change dataset, global atmospheric CO2 concentration data, and nitrogen fertilizer input datasets. All TRENDY simulations adhere to a standardized protocol: a model spin-up phase using recycled forcing data from 1901-1920, with other inputs from 1700, continues until the model's carbon pools reach equilibrium (340 years of spin-up for ORCHIDEE). This is followed by a transient simulation from 1700-1900, varying CO2 and land-use data while recycling climate forcing, and a historical simulation from 1901-2020 with all data inputs varied. FR2.ORC3v7267.CRUERA3.NBP_3H.2019.nc NBP CO2 fluxes (Europe, 3-hourly) obtained from ORCHIDEE simulations. The ORCHIDEE-VERIFY simulation is performed as part of the VERIFY project over the European region. This simulation is driven by the CRUERA dataset, which is derived from the ERA5-Land dataset (originally global, 1-hourly, at 0.1-degree resolution), transformed to the VERIFY region of interest (35°N to 73°N, 25°W to 45°E, 3-hourly, at 0.125-degree resolution), and re-aligned with the CRU observation dataset (for air temperature, shortwave radiation, humidity, and precipitation). The Hilda+ dataset is used for land use, and the EMEP model outputs are used for nitrogen inputs. The VERIFY simulation follows the general protocol used in the TRENDY project. FR2.ORC3v7267.CRUERA3.hetero_resp_3H.2019.nc Heterotrophic respiration CO2 fluxes (Europe, 3-hourly) obtained from ORCHIDEE simulations as described in the previous section. Becker_coastal_fluxes_RF_v2021_2_2019.nc Ocean CO2 fluxes (Europe, daily). The ocean fluxes come from a hybrid product combining the University of Bergen coastal ocean flux estimate and the Rödenbeck global ocean estimate (Rödenbeck et al., 2014). This data is provided at a 0.125° × 0.125° horizontal resolution and at a daily temporal resolution. References Berchet, A., Sollum, E., Pison, I., Thompson, R. L., Thanwerdas, J., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Peet, J. C. A. v., Potier, E., Chevallier, F., Broquet, G., and Berchet, A.: The Community Inversion Framework: codes and documentation, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6304912, 2022 Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Conway, T. J., Aalto, T., Anderson, B. E., Bousquet, P., Brunke, E. G., Ciattaglia, L., Esaki, Y., Fröhlich, M., Gomez, A., Gomez-Pelaez, A. 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