Data from: Sexual conflict in wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster

Intralocus sexual conflict occurs when opposing selection pressures operate on loci expressed in both sexes, constraining the evolution of sexual dimorphism and displacing one or both sexes from their optimum. We eliminated intralocus conflict in Drosophila melanogaster by limiting transmission of all major chromosomes to males, thereby allowing them to win the intersexual tug-of-war. Here we show that this male-limited (ML) evolution treatment led to the evolution (in both sexes) of masculinized wing morphology, body size, growth rate, wing loading, and allometry. In addition to more male-like size and shape, ML evolution resulted in an increase in developmental stability for males. However females expressing ML chromosomes were less developmentally stable, suggesting that being ontogenetically more male-like was disruptive to development. Sexual selection over size and shape of the imago may explain the persistence of substantial genetic variation in these characters and the ontogenetic processes underlying them.基因座内性冲突（intralocus sexual conflict）指当相反的选择压力作用于在两性中均表达的基因座时，会约束性二态性（sexual dimorphism）的演化，并将一方或双方推离其适应最优状态。我们通过将所有主要染色体的传递仅限制于雄性，消除了黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）中的基因座内性冲突，从而使其能够在两性间的进化拉锯战中占据上风。本研究表明，这种雄性限制（male-limited, ML）进化处理使得两性均演化出雄性化的翅膀形态、体型、生长速率、翼载荷以及异速生长（allometry）模式。除了呈现出更接近雄性的体型与外形外，雄性限制进化处理还提升了雄性个体的发育稳定性（developmental stability）。然而，携带雄性限制染色体的雌性个体，其发育稳定性却有所下降，这表明在发育层面更趋近雄性会对其发育过程造成干扰。针对成虫（imago）体型与外形的性选择，或可解释为何这些性状及其背后的发育过程会持续存在大量遗传变异。