Generation and Maintenance of Memory Cells: Insights from Adjuvant Design

Vaccines confer long-term immune protection through the induction of memory cell formation; however, their efficacy is frequently constrained by factors including inadequate antigen immunogenicity, rapid clearance kinetics, and dysregulated immune cell differentiation.These factors lead to a smaller number of memory cells being generated and a shorter survival time.Vaccine adjuvants, as an efficient immunostimulant, regulate the immune microenvironment to promote the development, survival and functional enhancement of memory cells, thereby facilitating the establishment of long-lasting vaccine-induced immune memory. With the development of novel adjuvants emerging as a prominent research focus, investigations into their efficacy and mechanistic principles in augmenting immune memory have advanced substantially, offering valuable theoretical frameworks for rational vaccine design.