Greywater Quality Parameters.

Household greywater from laundry, kitchen, and bathing activities poses growing environmental and public health challenges in peri-urban areas with limited sanitation infrastructure. This study quantified and characterized greywater from 10 households in Kotei, a peri-urban community in Kumasi, Ghana, over a 10-week period in 2023. Daily greywater volumes were measured using a bucket-based method using a cross-sectional design, and physicochemical, bacterial, and chemical parameters were analyzed for laundry, kitchen, and bathroom sources. The mean daily greywater generation was 110 ± 64.2 liters per household, with bathing accounting for 58%, laundry for 23%, and the kitchen for 19%. Laundry greywater exhibited the highest organic and ionic loads (BOD₅: 5431 ± 3440 mg/L; COD: 12469 ± 7325 mg/L; EC: 3825 ± 2635 µS/cm), while kitchen greywater showed the highest bacterial contamination (total coliforms: 136 ± 66 cfu/mL; E. coli: 34 ± 24.70 cfu/mL). Phosphate levels exceeded Ghana EPA standards across all sources, and trace metals (Pb, Fe) and triclosan were detected, indicating potential ecological risks. MANOVA confirmed significant differences in greywater characteristics among sources (p