List of marker effects for significant marker–trait pairs in the discovery population.

D = the diameter at breast height, V = stem volume.1Calculated as the difference between the phenotypic means observed within each homozygous class (2a = |GBB−Gbb|, where Gij is the trait mean in the ijth genotypic class).2Calculated as the difference between the phenotypic mean observed within the heterozygous class and the average phenotypic mean across both homozygous classes [d = GBb−0.5(GBB+Gbb), where Gij is the trait mean in the ijth genotypic class].3sp, standard deviation for the phenotypic trait under consideration.4Allele frequency of either the derived or minor allele. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles corresponding to the frequency listed are given in parentheses.5The additive effect was calculated as a = pB(GBB)+pb(GBb)-G, where G is the overall trait mean, Gij is the trait mean in the ijth genotypic class and pi is the frequency of the ith marker allele. These values were always calculated with respect to the minor allele.