Delivery of commensal bacteria-alternative hybrid nanovesicles awakens response to immune checkpoint therapy in pancreatic cancer

We applied a hybridization technology by fabricating bacteria protoplast-derived membrane nanovesicles from three colon bacteria strains associated with favorable responses to immune checkpoint therapy, showing that the nanovesicles hybridized from three bacteria membranes had much stronger ability in inducing dendritic cell maturation and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, and exhibited remarkable targeting ability to both tumor and peripheral lymphoid organs. As such, applying the hybrid nanovesicles could markedly awaken the response to immune checkpoint therapy in multiple pancreatic cancer models.