Data from: Distance to hedgerows drives local repulsion and attraction of wind turbines on bats: implications for spatial siting.

1. The exponential development of wind energy raises concerns regarding its impacts on airborne biodiversity. Evidence of wind turbine attraction and repulsion on bats, and underlying collision risks and habitats losses, are increasingly reported. Since bat activity strongly decreases with distance to optimal habitats such as woody edges, we hypothesize that the distance to these habitats could drive attraction and repulsion in the immediate vicinity of wind turbine. Although several studies have demonstrated wind turbine attraction and repulsion on bats separately, none have so far investigated the co-existence of both in the same landscape context and evaluated the underlying safe siting distance of wind turbines to bat habitats. 2. We assessed how wind turbines alter bat activity in their immediate vicinity when located at different distances from hedgerows. We acoustically quantified bat activity for two guilds (short-and long-range echolocators) and two species/species group (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Pipistrellus kuhlii/nathusii from the mid-range echolocators guild) in open areas from 10 to 283 m from hedgerows using a paired sampling design (i.e. recordings conducted simultaneously in areas with and without wind turbines). Sixty-five pairs were sampled over 23 nights during the migration period (i.e. from late summer to late fall) in France. 3. Overall, in absence of wind turbine, we found that bat activity decreased with increasing distance to hedgerows for all guilds, as widely reported in the literature. Yet, this pattern was no longer observed under wind turbine. 4. When looking at specific distances to hedgerows, we found the activity of all bat groups and species (except for Pipistrellus kuhlii/nathusii) near hedgerows (10-43 m) to be drastically lower under wind turbines than without wind turbine. In contrast, activity of short-range echolocators was higher under wind turbines when located at 43-100 m from hedgerows, and tended to be higher for long-range echolocators. Lastly, no effect was detected under wind turbine located at 100-283 m from hedgerows for any guild. 5. Synthesis and applications . This study provides empirical evidence that wind turbines close to optimal habitats such as hedgerows strongly repel bats, while wind turbines located farther away in open areas could attract them. Increased risks of collisions and habitat losses near edges strengthen the importance of keeping wind turbines at a sufficient distance from woody edges (e.g. 200 m as recommended by EUROBATS guidelines).1. 风能的指数级发展引发了人们对其对空中生物多样性影响的担忧。现有研究正日益多地报道风力涡轮机对蝙蝠的吸引与驱避效应，以及由此产生的碰撞风险与栖息地丧失问题。鉴于蝙蝠活动强度随与木质边缘等最优栖息地的距离增加而显著降低，本研究提出假设：此类栖息地的距离可能会驱动风力涡轮机周边区域内蝙蝠的吸引与驱避行为。尽管已有多项研究分别证实了风力涡轮机对蝙蝠的吸引或驱避效应，但目前尚无研究在同一景观背景下探究二者的共存情况，也未评估风力涡轮机与蝙蝠栖息地之间的最优选址距离。 2. 本研究评估了在与树篱（hedgerow）处于不同距离的情况下，风力涡轮机如何改变其周边区域的蝙蝠活动强度。研究采用配对采样设计，即同步在有无风力涡轮机的区域开展录音，对距离树篱10至283米的开阔区域内的两类蝙蝠功能类群（短程与长程回声定位类群）以及两个物种类群/物种——普通伏翼（Pipistrellus pipistrellus）与中程回声定位类群中的库氏伏翼/纳图西伏翼（Pipistrellus kuhlii/nathusii）——的蝙蝠活动进行了声学量化。研究于法国的蝙蝠迁徙期（即夏末至秋末）内开展，在23个夜晚完成了65对采样点的录音工作。 3. 总体而言，在无风力涡轮机的情况下，所有蝙蝠类群的活动强度均随与树篱距离的增加而降低，这与已有文献的广泛报道一致。然而，在有风力涡轮机的情况下，这一规律不再成立。 4. 针对与树篱的特定距离区间进行分析后发现：在树篱周边10至43米范围内，除库氏伏翼/纳图西伏翼外，所有蝙蝠类群与物种的活动强度在风力涡轮机存在时均显著低于无涡轮机的情况；与之相反，当风力涡轮机位于距离树篱43至100米的区域时，短程回声定位类群的蝙蝠活动强度显著升高，长程回声定位类群的活动强度也呈现升高趋势；最后，当风力涡轮机位于距离树篱100至283米的区域时，未在任何蝙蝠类群中检测到显著影响。 5. 综合与应用。本研究通过实证数据证实：靠近树篱等最优栖息地的风力涡轮机对蝙蝠具有强烈的驱避效应，而位于开阔区域中更远位置的风力涡轮机则可能吸引蝙蝠。边缘地带附近的碰撞风险与栖息地丧失风险均有所升高，这进一步凸显了使风力涡轮机与木质边缘保持足够距离的重要性——例如欧洲蝙蝠协定（EUROBATS）所推荐的200米间距。