Archeological Survey of Newly Acquired Lands in Saguaro National Park: 1996, 1997 and 1998

Archeologists from the Western Archeological and Conservation Center (WACC), National Park Service (NPS), conducted archeological surveys of newly acquired lands iu the Rincon Mountain District and Tucson Mountain District of Saguaro National Park during 1996, 1997, and 1998. The fieldwork encompassed four separate field data collection projects, building on previous WACC surveys from 1994 to 1996 and adding to the inventory of cultural resources iu the Park. Cumulative survey results now represent more than 30 percent coverage of Park lands, providing a comprehensive cultural resources database for both districts. The projects shared the primary goal of developiug cultural resources inventories for the park expansion lands. But each project also served secondary goals such as surveying areas proposed as possible routes for newly desiguated trails, relocatiug and re-recordiug several well-known prehistoric and historic sites, and relocating other previously recorded sites for site condition and siguificance assessments. In addition to the firndamental imperative of preservation, all fieldwork goals served the overarching purpose of providing detailed cultural resources information to assist park management and aid in planning decisions. The authors also hope this report proves to be a useful tool for future research. The first project presented is SAGU 1996 C, an inventory survey covering over 400 acres of foothills and uplands in the Riucon Mountain District (RMO) Park expansion lands. Four sites and fourteen isolated finds were recorded. The recorded sites are prehistoric, while the isolated finds represent a mix of prehistoric and historical cultural materials. The second reported project is SAGU 1997 A, which contiuued the survey in a contiguous block south of the SAGU 1996 C survey area. Duriug this project more than 830 acres were covered, and II sites, including prehistoric sites and historic-period ranchiug and mining sites, were newly recorded. The survey also recorded 43 prehistoric and historic-period isolated tinds and re-recorded two previously identified sites. One of the re-recorded sites is the well-known Loma Alta site, a large Hohokam village on Rincon Creek. The project, SAGU 1997 B, focused on a block of newly acquired park lands in the Tucson Mountaiu District (TMD), covering an area of more than 820 acres. Prehistoric and historic-period cultural resources were recorded at three sites in this survey area along with 55 prehistoric, historical, and modern isolated finds. The series of new lands surveys iu the park was concluded during project SAGU 1998 A, which included both reconnaissance and inventory surveys in both park districts. Extensive reconnaissance survey was combined with block survey of approximately 120 acres in the Rincon Mountain District. Eighteen previously recorded sites were relocated, and site condition and significance assessments were made. In addition, two previously known sites were completely re-recorded, includiug the large Hohokam village known as the Camino Loma Alta site. Finally, six prehistoric and historic-period sites were recorded in the Riucon Mountain District. Work duriug 1998 in the TMD iucluded reconnaissance surveys in the Mile Wide Mine locality, where several historic-period mining sites were recorded, including the well-known Mile Wide Mine. Block surveys also were conducted, totaliug about 720 acres in several areas of newly acquired lands, and around proposed routes of newly desiguated trails. Thirteen prehistoric and historic-period sites were recorded in the TMD and the site records were completed at two other sites, including the Old Yuma Mine. Finally, 17 isolated finds of prehistoric and historical cultural materials were recorded in both park districts. This report includes summary descriptions of the four projects, including goals and data collection methods for each one. Survey results are organized by survey project and a comparative summary of the cultural resources recorded in both park districts is offered. Site condition and significance assessments are presented for all recorded cultural resources as well as previously recorded sites. Since a summary approach generally is used in the body of the report, it is followed by detailed descriptions of sites, isolated finds, and analyzed artifacts in appendices. The appendices also include a concordance of site numbers and a review of the record of previous excavations at the Loma Alta site.美国国家公园管理局（National Park Service, NPS）下属西部考古与保护中心（Western Archeological and Conservation Center, WACC）的考古学家，于1996、1997及1998年间，对萨瓜罗国家公园（Saguaro National Park）林孔山区（Rincon Mountain District）与图森山区（Tucson Mountain District）新收购的土地开展考古调查。本次野外工作依托1994至1996年间WACC的既往调查成果，包含四项独立的野外数据采集项目，旨在扩充该公园的文化资源名录。目前累计调查成果已覆盖该公园超过30%的土地，为两个分区提供了全面的文化资源数据库。 四项项目的核心目标均为为公园扩张区域构建文化资源名录，但各项目同时附带次级目标：例如勘测拟规划为新指定步道的候选路线区域、迁移并重新记录多处知名史前与历史遗址，以及重新定位此前已记录的遗址以开展遗址状况与价值评估。除文物保护这一核心要务外，所有野外工作的总体目标均为提供详尽的文化资源信息，以辅助公园管理与规划决策。本文作者亦期望本报告可为未来相关研究提供实用参考工具。 本次报告首先介绍SAGU 1996 C项目：该项目针对林孔山区公园扩张区域内的丘陵与高地开展名录调查，覆盖面积超400英亩，共记录4处遗址与14处孤立遗存。所记录的遗址均为史前时期遗存，而孤立遗存则兼具史前与历史时期的文化遗物。 第二项报告项目为SAGU 1997 A：该项目延续了SAGU 1996 C调查区以南的连片区域调查。本次项目覆盖面积超830英亩，新记录了11处遗址（包含史前遗址以及历史时期的牧场与采矿遗址），同时记录了43处史前与历史时期的孤立遗存，并重新记录了2处此前已识别的遗址，其中一处为知名的洛马阿尔塔（Loma Alta）遗址——一座位于林孔溪畔的大型霍霍坎（Hohokam）村落。 第三项项目SAGU 1997 B，聚焦图森山区新收购的公园土地，覆盖面积超820英亩。本次调查共记录3处包含史前与历史时期文化资源的遗址，以及55处史前、历史及现代时期的孤立遗存。 系列公园新土地调查工作于SAGU 1998 A项目中收官，该项目覆盖两个公园分区，包含踏勘调查与名录调查。本次项目在林孔山区结合了大范围踏勘与约120英亩的连片区域调查：重新定位了18处此前已记录的遗址，并开展了遗址状况与价值评估；同时完整重新记录了2处此前已知的遗址，其中包括大型霍霍坎村落卡米诺洛马阿尔塔（Camino Loma Alta）遗址；最终在林孔山区新记录了6处史前与历史时期遗址。 1998年在图森山区的工作包括：在密尔宽矿（Mile Wide Mine）点位开展踏勘调查，记录了多处历史时期采矿遗址，包括知名的密尔宽矿；同时在新收购土地的多个区域以及拟新建指定步道的沿线区域开展连片调查，总面积约720英亩。本次调查在图森山区记录了13处史前与历史时期遗址，完成了包括老尤马矿（Old Yuma Mine）在内的另外2处遗址的记录工作。最终，两个公园分区共记录了17处史前与历史时期文化遗存的孤立发现点。 本报告包含四项项目的概要描述，涵盖各项目的目标与数据采集方法。调查成果按调查项目分类整理，并提供了两个公园分区所记录文化资源的对比概要。所有已记录文化资源及此前已记录遗址均附有遗址状况与价值评估内容。由于报告主体部分采用概要式撰写方式，附录中包含了遗址、孤立遗存与分析出土器物的详细描述。附录同时包含遗址编号对照表，以及对洛马阿尔塔遗址既往发掘记录的回顾。