Geography and site-specific factors, rather than recent climate, dominated Spanish wintering bird communities

Here, we analyse a dataset on the abundance of 97197 ringed birds collected from December to February at 78 sites across eastern Spain during the last 25 years (1997-2022). To fully understand the drivers of species composition, we analysed the components of β-diversity (turnover and nestedness) in relation to geographic and environmental gradients, including long-term changes in precipitation and temperature. Additionally, we examined the association patterns among species, species richness, and the interactions with geographical and environmental variables, and the temporal trends of these species and environmental variables. Mixed Graphical Models (Graphical lasso) revealed that dissimilarity in elevation, habitat, and sampling effort primarily drove turnover and nestedness, and that the assemblages remained largely stable. GLMMs showed that only six species exhibited significant trends driven solely by temporal effects, whereas most species were driven by longitude alone or com..., , # Data from: Geography and site-specific factors, rather than recent climate, dominated Spanish wintering bird communities

Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsxd](10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsxd)

## Description of the data and file structure

The dataset consists of a comprehensive compilation of bird-ringing records collected at 78 sites across the eastern Iberian Peninsula (Spain). It covers the period from December 1997 to February 2022 and includes a total of 97,197 ringed birds.

### Files and variables

#### File: Spatiotemporalanalysis.zip

This folder contains the raw and formatted data to reproduce the analyses. Additionally, it contains the script to perform GLMMs to estimate the trends of the abundance, and presence/absence data of richness and 83 bird species, and the climatic variables. It also contains the workspaces with the model results.

**DB.species.enviromental.txt:** Contains Richness, the number of taxa on a given survey (column 1), and species abundance of the 83 species...,