X-ray Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopic Evaluation of Carotene Molecular Variation in Carrots under 5G Radiofrequency Exposure

This study evaluates the combined use of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to assess biochemical and elemental alterations in carrot (Daucus carota) tissues exposed to 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields. Raman spectral features characteristic of carotenoids (~1005, ~1156, ~1518 cm⁻¹) remained stable across all exposure durations (2–8 h), indicating no major structural degradation. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis indicated minor exposure-related spectral variation, although the separation among groups was limited which suggesting only subtle biochemical responses across exposure durations.本研究评估了拉曼光谱（Raman spectroscopy）与X射线荧光（X-ray fluorescence, XRF）联用技术，用于评估暴露于3.5 GHz射频（radiofrequency, RF）电磁场的胡萝卜（Daucus carota）组织的生化与元素变化。类胡萝卜素特征拉曼光谱峰（约1005、1156、1518 cm⁻¹）在所有暴露时长（2–8小时）下均保持稳定，表明未发生显著的结构降解。偏最小二乘（Partial least squares, PLS）分析显示存在与暴露相关的轻微光谱变化，但各组间的区分度有限，这提示不同暴露时长下仅存在微弱的生化响应。