The R package enerscape: A general energy landscape framework for terrestrial movement ecology

Ecological processes and biodiversity patterns are strongly affected by how animals move through the landscape. However, it remains challenging to predict animal movement and space use. Here we present our new R package enerscape to quantify and predict animal movement in real landscapes based on energy expenditure. Enerscape integrates a general locomotory model for terrestrial animals with GIS tools in order to map energy costs of movement in a given environment, resulting in energy landscapes that reflect how energy expenditures may shape habitat use. Enerscape only requires topographic data (elevation) and the body mass of the studied animal. To illustrate the potential of enerscape, we analyze the energy landscape for the Marsican bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus) in a protected area in central Italy in order to identify least-cost paths and high-connectivity areas with low energy costs of travel. Enerscape allowed us to identify travel routes for the bear that ...生态过程与生物多样性格局深受动物在景观中的移动方式影响。然而，目前仍难以精准预测动物的移动行为与空间利用模式。本文推出全新R语言工具包enerscape，可基于能量消耗量化并预测真实景观中的动物移动行为。 enerscape将陆生动物通用运动模型与地理信息系统（Geographic Information System, GIS）工具相结合，可对特定环境下的动物移动能量成本进行制图，最终生成能够反映能量消耗如何塑造生境利用模式的能量景观。该工具仅需地形数据（高程）与研究对象的体重即可运行。为展示enerscape的应用潜力，我们以意大利中部某保护区内的马尔西坎棕熊（Ursus arctos marsicanus）为研究对象，对其能量景观展开分析，以识别最低成本路径与旅行能耗较低的高连通性区域。 借助enerscape，我们得以识别该棕熊的移动路径……