Pharmacodynamics parameters underlying the manuscript: The effect of morning versus evening administration of empagliflozin on its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics characteristics in healthy adults: a two-way crossover, non-randomised trial

Background: Empagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor approved for use in patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (DMT2) with- or without other cardiovascular disease. Empagliflozin is taken once daily without rationale on the optimal timing for administration. This study aimed to determine the chronopharmacological effects of morning vs evening administration of empagliflozin 10 mg in Healthy Egyptian adults, by investigating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics parameters of empagliflozin depending on the intake time. 

Methods: An open label, sequential, two‐way crossover trial comprised two periods with a washout period of 7 days. Pharmacokinetics parameters (tmax (h), Cmax (ng/ml), AUC 0-t (ng.h/ml)) as primary endpoints, and (AUC 0 to ∞(ng.h/ml)) as secondary endpoint were assessed. Method validation was done prior to injection in LC/MS/MS and samples were processed by Liquid-Liquid extraction. The pharmacodynamic profile (UGE 0-24) was determined after method validation (glucose ...