Vertical profiles of temperature and salinity in the Central Arctic Ocean from observations and 13 CMIP6 models - 1970-2017

This dataset includes spatially averaged profiles of temperature and salinity from observations (annual mean) and thirteen climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6, monthly mean) in four regions of the Arctic Ocean: The Eastern Eurasian Basin (EEB), the Western Eurasian Basin (WEB), the Chukchi Sea (CS), and the Beaufort Gyre (BG). The observations span the period 1970-2017, and the simulations cover the last 45 years of the historical CMIP6 experiment from 1970-2014. This dataset was produced for the publication Muilwijk et al. 2022 (citation below). The observational data is an updated version of the archive previously used by, e.g., Polyakov et al. 2020 (citation below) to investigate long-term Arctic variability and halocline stability. The dataset includes conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) data from various Russian, American, Canadian, and European ship and aircraft expeditions, year-round crewed drift stations, autonomous drifters, and submarine data. Salinity is provided in practical salinity units (psu), temperature as potential temperature, and depth in meters. Profiles are linearly interpolated and provided as annual averages. Be aware of some instabilities and spikes as a result from spatial averaging. Further detail on temporal and spatial coverage, data processing, and accuracy is given in the supplementary material of Polyakov et al. 2020. More information and additional data are available on request to author I.V. Polyakov. Simulated profiles are calculated from model variables “thetao” and “so” and provided on the model’s native vertical grid. The original model output that the profiles are derived from is publicly available from the Earth System Grid Federation at https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/. Details on the models and references to the model description publications are given in Muilwijk et al. 2022. All data is stored in netcdf format with metadata included in the file. Polyakov, I. V., Alkire, M. B., Bluhm, B. A., Brown, K. A., Carmack, E. C., Chierici, M., ... & Wassmann, P. (2020). Borealization of the Arctic Ocean in response to anomalous advection from sub-Arctic seas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00491 Muilwijk, M., Nummelin, A., Heuzé, C., Polyakov, I. V., Zanowski, H., & Smedsrud, L.H. (2022). Divergence in Climate Model Projections of Future Arctic Atlantification. Journal of Climate. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0349.1本数据集涵盖北冰洋四个海域的温度与盐度空间平均剖面，其中观测数据为年平均序列，模拟数据来自13个参与耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6, CMIP6）的气候模式，为月平均结果。四个研究海域分别为：欧亚海盆东部（Eastern Eurasian Basin, EEB）、欧亚海盆西部（Western Eurasian Basin, WEB）、楚科奇海（Chukchi Sea, CS）以及波弗特环流区（Beaufort Gyre, BG）。 观测数据的时间跨度为1970年至2017年，模拟数据则覆盖CMIP6历史试验的最后45年，即1970年至2014年。本数据集是为Muilwijk等人2022年的学术论文（引用见下文）制作的配套数据集。 本次使用的观测数据是Polyakov等人2020年（引用见下文）用于探究北极长期变率与盐跃层稳定性的存档数据集的更新版本。该观测数据整合了来自俄罗斯、美国、加拿大及欧洲的各类船舶与航空考察、全年有人值守漂流站、自主漂流浮标以及潜艇的电导率-温度-深度（Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth, CTD）观测资料。 数据集盐度以实用盐度单位（practical salinity units, psu）表示，温度为位温，深度单位为米。所有剖面均经过线性插值处理，并以年平均值形式提供。需注意：空间平均过程可能会引入部分不稳定性与尖峰现象。关于本数据集的时空覆盖范围、数据处理流程与精度的详细说明，请参见Polyakov等人2020年论文的补充材料。如需获取更多信息或额外数据，可联系作者I.V. Polyakov。 模拟剖面由模式变量"thetao"与"so"计算得到，并以模式原生垂直网格格式提供。用于推导剖面的原始模式输出数据可通过地球系统网格联盟（Earth System Grid Federation）的公开平台https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/获取。关于参与模拟的气候模式的细节及相关文献引用，请参见Muilwijk等人2022年的论文。本数据集所有数据均以netCDF格式存储，文件内包含完整元数据。 ### 参考文献 1. Polyakov, I. V., Alkire, M. B., Bluhm, B. A., Brown, K. A., Carmack, E. C., Chierici, M., 等, & Wassmann, P. (2020). 北冰洋响应亚北极海域异常平流的寒带化. *Frontiers in Marine Science*, 7, 491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00491 2. Muilwijk, M., Nummelin, A., Heuzé, C., Polyakov, I. V., Zanowski, H., & Smedsrud, L.H. (2022). 未来北极大西洋化趋势的气候模式预测分歧. *Journal of Climate*. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0349.1