Data from: Directional selection for flowering time leads to adaptive evolution in Raphanus raphanistrum (Wild radish)

Herbicides have been the primary tool for controlling large populations of yield depleting weeds from agro-ecosystems, resulting in the evolution of widespread herbicide resistance. In response, non-herbicidal techniques have been developed which intercept weed seeds at harvest before they enter the soil seedbank. However, the efficiency of these techniques apply an intense selection for any trait that enable weeds to evade collection, with early flowering ecotypes considered likely to result in early seed shedding. Using a field collected wild radish population, five recurrent generations were selected for early maturity and three generations for late maturity. Phenology associated with flowering time and growth traits were measured. Our results demonstrate the adaptive capacity of wild radish to halve its time to flowering following five generations of early flowering selection. Early maturing phenotypes had reduced height and biomass at maturity, leading to less competitive, more prostrate growth forms. Following three generations of late flowering selection, wild radish doubled its time to flowering time leading to increased biomass and flowering height at maturity. This study demonstrates the potential for the rapid evolution in growth traits in response to highly effective seed collection techniques that imposed a selection on weed populations within agro-ecosystems at harvest.