Data from: Antagonistic pleiotropy in species with separate sexes, and the maintenance of genetic variation in life-history traits and fitness

Antagonistic pleiotropy (AP) – where alleles of a gene increase some components of fitness at a cost to others – can generate balancing selection, and contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness traits, such as survival, fecundity, fertility, and mate competition. Previous theory suggests that AP is unlikely to maintain variation unless antagonistic selection is strong, or AP alleles exhibit pronounced differences in genetic dominance between the affected traits. We show that conditions for balancing selection under AP expand under the likely scenario that the strength of selection on each fitness component differs between the sexes. Our model also predicts that the vast majority of balanced polymorphisms have sexually antagonistic effects on total fitness, despite the absence of sexual antagonism for individual fitness components. We conclude that AP polymorphisms are less difficult to maintain than predicted by prior theory, even under our conservative assumption that selection on components of fitness is universally sexually concordant. We discuss implications for the maintenance of genetic variation, and for inferences of sexual antagonism that are based on sex-specific phenotypic selection estimates – many of which are based on single fitness components.对抗性多效性（Antagonistic pleiotropy, AP）指某一基因的等位基因可提升适合度的部分组分，却以其他组分的适合度为代价，该机制可产生平衡选择，并有助于维持生存力、繁殖力、生育力以及配偶竞争等适合度相关性状的遗传变异。既往理论认为，除非对抗性选择强度足够高，或是AP等位基因在受影响的性状间存在显著的遗传显性差异，否则AP难以维持遗传变异。我们的研究表明，当不同性别对各适合度组分的选择强度存在差异这一常见场景下，AP介导的平衡选择所需的条件会得到拓展。我们的模型还预测，尽管单个适合度组分不存在性对抗效应，但绝大多数平衡多态性会对总适合度产生性对抗性影响。我们得出结论：即使采用"各适合度组分的选择普遍存在性别一致性"这一保守假设，AP多态性的维持难度也低于此前理论的预测。我们还讨论了该研究对遗传变异维持的启示，以及基于性别特异性表型选择估计值（其中多数仅针对单个适合度组分）的性对抗效应推断的相关意义。