71 SE United States cities bird richness

Question: How do components of urban landscape composition and configuration affect urban bird richness and feeding guild diversity? - species_counts_Americas.csv Provides species abundance data for 71 cities in the southeastern U.S. Species records were downloaded from GBIF for class Aves and cropped to city boundaries delineated by the CDC's 500 Cities dataset. Records were cleaned by removing those within 1000m of a biodiversity institution ('CoordinateCleaner' R package (Zizka et al. 2019)) and those that do not inhabit North or South America. The first column labeled 'NA' indicates the number of records in each city that were not classified to the species level. See publication code_data prep.Rmd for production of this data. - species_counts_Americas_diet Provides the same information as species_counts_Americas, but includes information on feeding guild of each species, which we manually categorized based on information provided by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and the Audubon guide of North American birds. - citydata.csv Provides data on landscape metrics, bird richness, and feeding guild diversity for 71 cities in the southeast United States. Landscape classification derived from NLCD 2016 land cover data. Landscape metrics calculated using the 'landscapemetrics' R package, and richness/diversity calculated using 'vegan' R package. Data used to model bird richness in 71 cities using different combinations of landscape metrics. (See modeling code in 'publication code_analysis.Rmd') areamn40=mean forest patch area areamn90=mean wetland patch area pland20=% developed land cover clumpy40=forest clumpiness clumpy90=wetland clumpiness edge40=forest edge density edge90=wetland edge density contag=contagion sidi = simpson's diversity n = # observations S.rarefy = rarefied species richness S.rarefy.se = rarefied species richness standard error div.simpson = simpson's diversity index (for birds) insectivores.rarefy = rarefied insectivore richness granivores.rarefy = rarefied granivore richness carnivore.rarefy = rarefied carnivore richness omnivore.rarefy = rarefied omnivore richness aquatic_invertebrates.rarefy = rarefied aquatic invertebrate feeders richness shannon.functionalDiv = feeding guild diversity (Shannon's diversity index) PC1 = PCA axis 1 PC2 = PCA axis 2 pland_40 = % forest area Results: Landscape composition and configuration affect urban bird richness, but forest edge density is the only landscape metric that had a consistently significant negative effect on total rarefied richness, rarefied richness of individual feeding guilds, and feeding guild diversity.研究问题：城市景观组成与配置的各要素如何影响城市鸟类丰富度及取食功能群（feeding guild）多样性？ ### species_counts_Americas.csv 为美国东南部71座城市提供物种种群丰度数据。物种记录从全球生物多样性信息设施（GBIF, Global Biodiversity Information Facility）下载，类群限定为鸟纲（Aves），并裁剪至美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention）"500 Cities"数据集划定的城市边界内。数据清洗步骤包括：移除距生物多样性研究机构1000米范围内的记录（使用R包"CoordinateCleaner"，Zizka等，2019），以及排除非栖息于北美或南美的物种记录。首列标记为"NA"的字段代表各城市中未分类至物种水平的记录总数。该数据集的生成流程详见代码文档"publication code_data prep.Rmd"。 ### species_counts_Americas_diet 与species_counts_Americas.csv包含完全一致的基础数据，但额外补充了各物种的取食功能群信息。我们参考康奈尔鸟类学实验室（Cornell Lab of Ornithology）及北美鸟类奥杜邦指南（Audubon guide of North American birds）的公开资料，手动完成了所有物种的取食功能群分类。 ### citydata.csv 为美国东南部71座城市提供景观指数、鸟类丰富度及取食功能群多样性数据。景观分类基于美国国家土地覆盖数据库2016版（NLCD 2016, National Land Cover Database 2016）生成。景观指数通过R包"landscapemetrics"计算，物种丰富度与多样性指数通过R包"vegan"计算。本数据集用于构建不同景观指数组合下的71座城市鸟类丰富度预测模型（模型代码详见"publication code_analysis.Rmd"）。 该数据集包含以下字段： - areamn40：平均森林斑块面积 - areamn90：平均湿地斑块面积 - pland20：已开发土地覆盖占比（%） - clumpy40：森林斑块聚集度 - clumpy90：湿地斑块聚集度 - edge40：森林边缘密度 - edge90：湿地边缘密度 - contag：蔓延度指数 - sidi：辛普森多样性指数 - n：观测样本量 - S.rarefy：稀疏化物种丰富度 - S.rarefy.se：稀疏化物种丰富度标准误 - div.simpson：鸟类辛普森多样性指数 - insectivores.rarefy：稀疏化食虫鸟类丰富度 - granivores.rarefy：稀疏化食谷鸟类丰富度 - carnivore.rarefy：稀疏化食肉鸟类丰富度 - omnivore.rarefy：稀疏化杂食鸟类丰富度 - aquatic_invertebrates.rarefy：稀疏化水生无脊椎动物食性鸟类丰富度 - shannon.functionalDiv：取食功能群多样性（香农多样性指数） - PC1：主成分分析第1轴 - PC2：主成分分析第2轴 - pland_40：森林面积占比（%） ### 研究结果 城市景观组成与配置要素会对城市鸟类丰富度产生影响，其中森林边缘密度是唯一对总稀疏化物种丰富度、单个取食功能群的稀疏化丰富度以及取食功能群多样性均产生持续显著负向影响的景观指数。