Data from: Using host species traits to understand the consequences of resource provisioning for host–parasite interactions

1.Supplemental food provided to wildlife by human activities can be more abundant and predictable than natural resources, and subsequent changes to wildlife ecology can have profound impacts on host–parasite interactions. Identifying traits of species associated with increases or decreases in infection outcomes with resource provisioning could improve assessments of wildlife most prone to disease risks in changing environments. 2.We conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis of 342 host–parasite interactions across 56 wildlife species and three broad taxonomic groups of parasites to identify host-level traits that influence whether provisioning is associated with increases or decreases in infection. 3.We predicted that dietary generalists that capitalize on novel food would show greater infection in provisioned habitats owing to population growth and food-borne exposure to contaminants and parasite infectious stages. Similarly, species with fast life histories could experience stronger demographic and immunological benefits from provisioning that affect parasite transmission. We also predicted that wide-ranging and migratory behaviors could increase infection risks with provisioning if concentrated and non-seasonal foods promote dense aggregations that increase exposure to parasites. 4.We found that provisioning increased infection with bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa (i.e., microparasites) most for wide-ranging, dietary generalist host species. Effect sizes for ectoparasites were also highest for host species with large home ranges but were instead lowest for dietary generalists. In contrast, the type of provisioning was a stronger correlate of infection outcomes for helminths than host species traits. 5.Our analysis highlights host traits related to movement and feeding behavior as important determinants of whether species experience greater infection with supplemental feeding. These results could help prioritize monitoring wildlife with particular trait profiles in anthropogenic habitats to reduce infectious disease risks in provisioned populations.1. 人类活动为野生动物提供的补充食物，相较于天然食物资源往往更为充足且可预测，由此引发的野生动物生态学变化，可能会对宿主-寄生虫相互作用（host–parasite interactions）产生深远影响。明确与食物补给下感染结局增减相关的物种特征，有助于评估变化环境中最易受疾病风险影响的野生动物类群。 2. 本研究针对56种野生动物、3大类广谱寄生虫的342组宿主-寄生虫相互作用开展系统发育元分析（phylogenetic meta-analysis），旨在识别影响食物补给与感染结局增减关联的宿主层面特征。 3. 本研究提出如下假设：依赖新型食物的食性泛化物种，因种群增长以及经食物传播的污染物和寄生虫感染阶段暴露风险升高，在补给生境中的感染程度会更为严重；同理，生活史节奏较快的物种，或许能从食物补给中获得更强的种群统计学与免疫学益处，进而影响寄生虫传播；此外，若集中且非季节性的食物会促使种群形成密集聚集，提升寄生虫暴露风险，那么活动范围广且具有迁徙行为的物种，在食物补给下的感染风险也会升高。 4. 本研究发现，对于活动范围广的食性泛化宿主物种，食物补给会显著提升其感染细菌、病毒、真菌和原生动物（即微寄生虫（microparasites））的概率。外寄生虫（ectoparasites）的效应量在拥有大家域的宿主物种中同样最高，但在食性泛化物种中反而最低。与之相反，相较于宿主物种特征，补给类型与蠕虫（helminths）感染结局的相关性更强。 5. 本研究分析结果表明，与运动和取食行为相关的宿主特征，是决定物种在补充食物供给下感染程度是否升高的重要因素。上述研究结果可帮助优先监测人为栖息地中具备特定特征的野生动物类群，从而降低补给种群的传染病风险。