Can biodiesel become a determinant Bioeconomy factor towards sustainability: Mixture physicochemical composition and Input-Output (I-O) indicators of biodiesel sector.

Energy deployment owns an important role by introducing dynamic strategies, in order to achieve the long-term purpose of sustainability. The challenge of climate change and a potential increase in the energy demand, following the expected society development rebound after COVID-19 and war in Ukraine, could ideally lead central decision-making policies to produce technological, economic, social, environmental viable solutions. According to the EU, Bioeconomy involves the above decision-making policies, so as to produce renewable biological resources and convert them and their waste streams into value-added products, such as food, feed, organic-based products and bioenergy. The goal of Bioeconomy, through sustainable production and the rational use of biological resources (including waste), is to produce more from less. The purpose of this paper is to point out the beneficial effects of using biodiesel or mixtures of biodiesel, both as in the physicochemical composition of the mixture, and also as an indicator employed to reveal the potential of biodiesel to induce knock-on effects in the national economy of Greece. In order to analyze the composition of the mixture, extensive experimentation (about 3500) has been executed in the Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Department in the University of Western Macedonia under normal conditions (as it is defined by government protocols), providing significant information about the two mixture ingredients (diesel and biodiesel). Moreover, in order to assess the significance of biodiesel at national level, in terms of output, employment and income creation, an Input-Output (I-O) model and I-O multipliers were used.

能源部署在引入动态策略方面扮演着举足轻重的角色，旨在实现可持续发展的长远目标。面对气候变化挑战以及能源需求的潜在增长——在新冠疫情和乌克兰战争后预期的社会复苏反弹——中央决策政策应旨在产生技术、经济、社会和环境上可行的解决方案。根据欧盟的定义，生物经济涵盖上述决策政策，旨在生产可再生生物资源，并将这些资源及其废弃物转化为增值产品，例如食品、饲料、有机产品以及生物能源。生物经济的宗旨，通过可持续生产和生物资源的合理利用（包括废弃物），旨在以较少的资源产出更多。本文旨在指出使用生物柴油或生物柴油混合物（无论其在混合物的物理化学组成中，还是作为揭示生物柴油在希腊国民经济中引发连锁效应潜力的指标）所带来的益处。为了分析混合物的组成，已在西马其顿大学化学工程系实验室（按照政府协议定义的正常条件）进行了大量实验（约3500次），提供了关于两种混合成分（柴油和生物柴油）的显著信息。此外，为了评估生物柴油在国家层面的重要性，从产出、就业和收入创造的角度来看，使用了投入-产出（I-O）模型及其乘数。