Data from: Atmospheric conditions create freeways, detours and tailbacks for migrating birds

The extraordinary adaptations of birds to contend with atmospheric conditions during their migratory flights have captivated ecologists for decades. During the 21st century technological advances have sparked a revival of research into the influence of weather on migrating birds. Using biologging technology, flight behaviour is measured across entire flyways, weather radar networks quantify large-scale migratory fluxes, citizen scientists gather observations of migrant birds and mechanistic models are used to simulate migration in dynamic aerial environments. In this review, we first introduce the most relevant microscale, mesoscale and synoptic scale atmospheric phenomena from the point of view of a migrating bird. We then provide an overview of the individual responses of migrant birds (when, where and how to fly) in relation to these phenomena. We explore the cumulative impact of individual responses to weather during migration, and the consequences thereof for populations and migratory systems. In general, individual birds seem to have a much more flexible response to weather than previously thought, but we also note similarities in migratory behaviour across taxa. We propose various avenues for future research through which we expect to derive more fundamental insights into the influence of weather on the evolution of migratory behaviour and the life-history, population dynamics and species distributions of migrant birds.数十年来，鸟类为应对迁徙飞行中的大气条件演化出的非凡适应机制，一直令生态学家们着迷不已。进入21世纪后，技术进步推动了气象对迁徙鸟类影响相关研究的复兴。借助生物记录（biologging）技术，研究人员可在整条迁徙通道上监测飞行行为；气象雷达网络能够量化大规模迁徙通量；公民科学家则负责收集迁徙鸟类的观测数据；此外还可通过机理模型模拟动态大气环境下的迁徙过程。本综述首先从迁徙鸟类的视角，介绍与之最相关的微尺度、中尺度及天气尺度大气现象。随后，本文将概述迁徙鸟类针对上述大气现象所做出的个体响应（包括飞行的时机、区域与方式），并探讨迁徙过程中个体对气象条件响应的累积效应，及其对种群与迁徙系统的影响。总体而言，单个鸟类对气象条件的响应灵活性远超此前认知，但不同类群的迁徙行为亦存在共通特征。最后，本文提出若干未来研究方向，以期获得关于气象条件对迁徙行为演化，以及迁徙鸟类的生活史、种群动态与物种分布的更具根本性的认知。