Extreme elevational migration spurred cryptic speciation in giant hummingbirds

The eco-evolutionary drivers of species niche expansion or contraction are critical for biodiversity but challenging to infer. Niche expansion may be promoted by local adaptation or constrained by physiological performance trade-offs. For birds, evolutionary shifts in migratory behavior permit broadening of the climatic niche by expansion into varied, seasonal environments. Broader niches can be short-lived if diversifying selection and geography promote speciation and niche subdivision across climatic gradients. To illuminate niche breadth dynamics, we can ask how ‘outlier’ species defy constraints. Of the 363 hummingbird species, the giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas) has the broadest climatic niche by a large margin. To test the roles of migratory behavior, performance trade-offs, and genetic structure in maintaining its exceptional niche breadth, we studied its movements, respiratory traits, and population genomics. Satellite and light-level geolocator tracks revealed an >8,300-k..., Data were collected from wild-caught individuals in the field and from museum specimens spanning 154 years. We used satellite transmitters and geolocators to track giant hummingbirds from sea-level breeding areas in Chile to non-breeding areas. We collected respiratory trait data from >175 individuals across the elevational range and from Chile to Peru from 2006–2021. We analyzed genomic sequences from 101 individuals (whole genomes and ultra-conserved elements) across the geographic range; genomic data were taken from flash-frozen tissues and toe pads of historic museum specimens. All analysis code and scripts may be found on GitHub (https://github.com/jlwilliamson/jlwilliamson-patagona-blood-migration-genomics; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10975589); genomic data on Sequence Read Archive; and migration data on MoveBank (Project ID 3594892529). Specimen data are available in the Arctos database (www.arctosdb.org). , , # Extreme elevational migration spurred cryptic speciation in giant hummingbirds Williamson et al. 2024, Extreme elevational migration spurred cryptic speciation in giant hummingbirds, PNAS This data deposit contains raw data used in a study of latitudinal and elevational migration, blood physiology, morphology, and genomics of giant hummingbirds (*Patagona spp.*) in South America. In our paper, we report the world's longest hummingbird migration with the most extreme elevational shift, and describe the world's largest hummingbird species, a distinct species that was previously undescribed. Field sampling spanned Chile to Peru and involved collaborative teams from the Museum of Southwestern Biology at the University of New Mexico, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. DATASETS **File name:** WilliamsonEtAl2024_PNAS_patagona_blood_dryad.csv **Description**: Raw blood data used in Williamson et al. 2024. In addition to locality ...物种生态位（niche）扩张或收缩的生态进化驱动因子对生物多样性至关重要，但却难以推断。生态位扩张可能受到局部适应的促进，也可能受生理性能权衡（physiological performance trade-offs）的约束。对于鸟类而言，迁徙行为（migratory behavior）的进化转变可通过拓展至多样的季节性环境，拓宽气候生态位（climatic niche）。如果多样化选择（diversifying selection）和地理因素在气候梯度上促进物种形成与生态位细分，更宽的生态位可能仅能短暂维持。为阐明生态位广度的动态变化，我们可以探究‘异常（outlier）’物种如何突破约束。在363种蜂鸟中，巨蜂鸟（*Patagona gigas*）拥有迄今最宽阔的气候生态位。为验证迁徙行为、性能权衡以及遗传结构在维持其超常生态位广度中的作用，我们对其活动、呼吸性状以及种群基因组学（population genomics）展开了研究。卫星及光级地理定位器（geolocator）的追踪数据显示其迁徙距离超过8300千米…… 数据采集自野外捕捉的个体以及跨越154年的博物馆标本。我们利用卫星发射器与地理定位器追踪巨蜂鸟的活动轨迹，从智利的海平面繁殖地延伸至非繁殖地。2006年至2021年间，我们在从智利到秘鲁的海拔梯度范围内，采集了超过175个个体的呼吸性状数据。我们对分布范围内101个个体的基因组序列（全基因组及超保守元件（ultra-conserved elements））进行了分析；基因组数据取自速冻组织标本以及历史博物馆标本的趾垫。所有分析代码与脚本均可在GitHub获取（https://github.com/jlwilliamson/jlwilliamson-patagona-blood-migration-genomics; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10975589）；基因组数据可在序列读取档案库（Sequence Read Archive）获取；迁徙数据可在MoveBank获取（项目编号3594892529）。标本数据可在Arctos数据库（www.arctosdb.org）获取。 # 极端海拔迁徙引发巨蜂鸟的隐存物种形成 Williamson等人2024，《极端海拔迁徙引发巨蜂鸟的隐存物种形成》，《美国国家科学院院刊》（PNAS） 本数据集包含一项关于南美巨蜂鸟（*Patagona* spp.）的纬度与海拔迁徙、血液生理学、形态学以及基因组学研究的原始数据。在本研究论文中，我们报道了全球已知最长的蜂鸟迁徙路径以及最极端的海拔迁移现象，并描述了一种此前未被记载的巨型蜂鸟新物种。野外采样范围覆盖智利至秘鲁，合作团队包括新墨西哥大学西南生物学博物馆、鸟类学与生物多样性中心（Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad, CORBIDI）以及智利天主教大学。 数据集 **文件名：** WilliamsonEtAl2024_PNAS_patagona_blood_dryad.csv **描述：** 本数据集为Williamson等人2024年研究中使用的原始血液数据，除采集地信息……