Data from: Lönnstedt OM, McCormick MI, Ferrari MCO, Munday PL, Chivers DP (2013) Ocean acidification and responses to predators: can sensory redundancy reduce the apparent impacts of elevated CO₂ on fish? Ecology and Evolution 3:3565–3575

Data from: Lönnstedt OM, McCormick MI, Ferrari MCO, Munday PL, Chivers DP (2013) Ocean acidification and responses to predators: can sensory redundancy reduce the apparent impacts of elevated CO₂ on fish? Ecology and Evolution 3:3565–3575.Data for three experiments in one Excel dataset (7 worksheets)Abstract [Related publication]: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the atmosphere and surface ocean are rising at an unprecedented rate due to sustained and accelerating anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Previous studies have documented that exposure to elevated CO2 causes impaired antipredator behavior by coral reef fish in response to chemical cues associated with predation. However, whether ocean acidification will impair visual recognition of common predators is currently unknown. This study examined whether sensory compensation in the presence of multiple sensory cues could reduce the impacts of ocean acidification on antipredator responses. When exposed to seawater enriched with levels of CO₂ predicted for the end of this century (880 latm CO₂), prey fish completely lost their response to conspecific alarm cues. While the visual response to a predator was also affected by high CO₂, it was not entirely lost. Fish exposed to elevated CO₂, spent less time in shelter than current-day controls and did not exhibit antipredator signaling behavior (bobbing) when multiple predator cues were present. They did, however, reduce feeding rate and activity levels to the same level as controls. The results suggest that the response of fish to visual cues may partially compensate for the lack of response to chemical cues. Fish subjected to elevated CO₂ levels, and exposed to chemical and visual predation cues simultaneously, responded with the same intensity as controls exposed to visual cues alone. However, these responses were still less than control fish simultaneously exposed to chemical and visual predation cues. Consequently, visual cues improve antipredator behavior of CO₂ exposed fish, but do not fully compensate for the loss of response to chemical cues. The reduced ability to correctly respond to a predator will have ramifications for survival in encounters with predators in the field, which could have repercussions for population replenishment in acidified oceans.The full methodology is available in the Open Access publication from the Related Publications link below.

数据来源：Lönnstedt OM、McCormick MI、Ferrari MCO、Munday PL、Chivers DP（2013）《海洋酸化与捕食者响应：感官冗余能否缓解高浓度二氧化碳对鱼类的显著影响？》，《生态学与进化（Ecology and Evolution）》，3卷：3565–3575。本Excel数据集（含7个工作表）包含三项实验的数据。
摘要[相关文献]：由于人类活动持续且加速的二氧化碳（CO₂）排放，大气与表层海洋中的二氧化碳浓度正以前所未有的速度上升。已有研究表明，暴露于高浓度二氧化碳环境下的珊瑚礁鱼类，其针对捕食相关化学信号的反捕食行为会受到损害。但目前尚不明确海洋酸化是否会损害鱼类对常见捕食者的视觉识别能力。本研究旨在探究，当存在多感官信号时，感官代偿能否缓解海洋酸化对鱼类反捕食响应的影响。当暴露于本世纪末预测浓度的二氧化碳富集海水（880 latm CO₂）中时，猎物鱼类对同种告警信号的响应完全丧失。尽管鱼类对捕食者的视觉响应同样受到高浓度二氧化碳的影响，但并未完全丧失。与当前环境浓度的对照组相比，暴露于高浓度二氧化碳环境的鱼类在庇护所内停留的时间更短，且当存在多种捕食者信号时，不会表现出反捕食信号行为（摆尾行为，bobbing）。但它们的摄食速率与活动水平确实下降至与对照组一致的水平。研究结果表明，鱼类对视觉信号的响应或许能部分代偿其对化学信号响应的缺失。当同时暴露于化学与视觉捕食信号时，经高浓度二氧化碳处理的鱼类，其响应强度与仅暴露于视觉信号的对照组一致。但此类响应仍低于同时暴露于化学与视觉捕食信号的对照组鱼类。因此，视觉信号可改善暴露于二氧化碳环境的鱼类的反捕食行为，但无法完全代偿其对化学信号响应的缺失。鱼类正确响应捕食者的能力下降，将对其野外遭遇捕食者时的生存产生不利影响，进而可能对酸化海洋中的种群补充造成连锁效应。完整的研究方法可通过下方相关文献链接获取该开放获取出版物。