Sphingolipid biosynthesis in mammalian cells and sphingolipid binding toxins.

The biosynthetic pathway of sphingolipids relevant to this study is shown. Underlining indicates enzymes for sphingolipid biosynthesis. Pink-shaded boxes indicate the products of genes that were targeted by TALENs in this study. Red-lined boxes indicate the toxins used in this study. Cer, ceramide; SM, sphingomyelin; GlcCer, glucosylceramide; LacCer, lactosylceramide; Gb3, globotriaosylceramide; GalCer, galactosylceramide; Gb2, galabiosylceramide (Galα1-4GalCer); SMS, sphingomyelin synthase; UGCG; UDP-glucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase, B4GalT5, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 5; B4GalT6, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 6; FAPP2, four-phosphate adaptor protein 2.