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Concept «England» and its Subconcepts in the Consciousness of Respondents: Psycholinguistic Analysis

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Mendeley Data2026-04-18 收录
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Results and discussion Most of the linguistic units named by the respondents were paradigmatic associations. We have recorded 54 words, which are definitions expressed by an adjective. The distribution of the average used lexemes (the frequency of occurrence in the sample is more than 1%) of the verbalization of concept ENGLAND named by the respondents is shown in Fig. 1. The analysis allows concluding that there is no characteristic reaction of each of the respondents. The most frequently used lexemes are rainy (23.2%), interesting (22.7%). There are many lexemes that are used very rarely (frequency of usage is less than 1%): ancient (relatively), contrasting, correct, desirable, diverse, educated, exciting, fascinating, grey-red-black, ideal, luxurious, prim, refined, strict, white-blue-red. The latter is easily explained by the large number of respondents and the fact that the survey was conducted among university students. To test this assumption and determine the attitude of the respondents to the concept ENGLAND, we carried out the statistics of the semantic distribution, shown in Fig. 2. The authors of the article coded lexemes as positive, neutral or negative based on Russian dictionaries that provide information about the emotional connotations of words (Dal, 2011; Ozhegov, Shvedova, 2011; Ushakov, 2008; Efremova, 2000). The agreement between researchers was 97%. Negatively connotated lexemes were classified (number of lexemes 4, 7.7% of the total number of lexemes, 11% frequency of usage of lexemes in the questionnaire): rainy (51), cold (4), strict (2), prim (1). Neutrally connotated lexemes include (10 pcs., 19.2%, 25%): insular (37), distant (34), foggy (21), reserved (15), large (8), small (5), cool (4), old (4), white-blue-red (2), grey-red-black (1). Positively ones comprise (38 pcs., 73.1%, 64%): ancient (40), ancient (relatively) (1), aristocratic (5), beautiful (8), civilized (9), contrasting (1), correct (1), democratic (7), desirable (2), developed (17), diverse (1), domineering (15), educated (2), exciting (1), exquisite (13), fascinating (2), great (7), highly cultured (3), highly developed (25), historical (7), ideal (2), independent (3), interesting (50), luxurious (1), majestic (30), modern (6),monarchical (4), mysterious (8), picturesque (5), powerful (12), prosperous (11), refined (2), rich (5), royal (3), successful (9), traditional (3), well-mannered (20), well-to-do (3). The obtained results of the semantic distribution show that the respondents’ attitude to England (both country and culture) is definitely positive. Among these associations, it is possible to distinguish such frames as the size of the country, its state structure, age, colour, geographic location, weather, character traits (probably of inhabitants) and some others.

结果与讨论 受访者提及的语言单位大多为聚合联想。本次研究共记录到54个以形容词形式呈现的定义性表述。 受访者针对“英格兰(ENGLAND)”这一概念的言语表述中,平均使用词项(样本中出现频率高于1%)的分布情况如图1所示。分析结果表明,并未出现受访者群体共通的典型反应。出现频率最高的词项为rainy(雨天的,23.2%)与interesting(有趣的,22.7%)。另有大量词项使用频率极低(不足1%),包括:ancient(相对而言,古旧的)、contrasting(对比鲜明的)、correct(规范的)、desirable(合意的)、diverse(多元的)、educated(受教育程度高的)、exciting(令人兴奋的)、fascinating(迷人的)、grey-red-black(灰-红-黑三色)、ideal(理想的)、luxurious(奢华的)、prim(古板拘谨的)、refined(精致优雅的)、strict(严苛的)、white-blue-red(白-蓝-红三色)。上述现象可通过受访群体规模庞大且调研对象均为大学生这两点得到合理解释。 为验证上述推测并明确受访者对“英格兰(ENGLAND)”这一概念的态度,我们开展了语义分布统计工作,结果如图2所示。本文作者依据标注词语情感内涵的俄语词典(Dal, 2011; Ozhegov, Shvedova, 2011; Ushakov, 2008; Efremova, 2000)将词项划分为积极、中性与消极三类。研究者间的编码一致性达97%。 消极情感内涵的词项共4个,占词项总数的7.7%,在问卷中的使用频率合计为11%,具体包括:rainy(51次)、cold(寒冷的,4次)、strict(严苛的,2次)、prim(古板拘谨的,1次)。 中性情感内涵的词项共10个,占词项总数的19.2%,使用频率合计为25%,具体包括:insular(岛国属性的,37次)、distant(遥远的,34次)、foggy(多雾的,21次)、reserved(内敛克制的,15次)、large(幅员辽阔的,8次)、small(幅员狭小的,5次)、cool(凉爽的,4次)、old(古老的,4次)、white-blue-red(白-蓝-红三色,2次)、grey-red-black(灰-红-黑三色,1次)。 积极情感内涵的词项共38个,占词项总数的73.1%,使用频率合计为64%,具体包括:ancient(古旧的,40次)、ancient(relatively,相对古旧的,1次)、aristocratic(贵族化的,5次)、beautiful(优美的,8次)、civilized(文明的,9次)、contrasting(对比鲜明的,1次)、correct(规范的,1次)、democratic(民主的,7次)、desirable(合意的,2次)、developed(发达的,17次)、diverse(多元的,1次)、domineering(强势的,15次)、educated(受教育程度高的,2次)、exciting(令人兴奋的,1次)、exquisite(精致考究的,13次)、fascinating(迷人的,2次)、great(伟大的,7次)、highly cultured(高度文明的,3次)、highly developed(高度发达的,25次)、historical(具有历史底蕴的,7次)、ideal(理想的,2次)、independent(独立自主的,3次)、interesting(有趣的,50次)、luxurious(奢华的,1次)、majestic(宏伟庄严的,30次)、modern(现代的,6次)、monarchical(君主制的,4次)、mysterious(神秘的,8次)、picturesque(风景如画的,5次)、powerful(强盛的,12次)、prosperous(繁荣的,11次)、refined(精致优雅的,2次)、rich(富庶的,5次)、royal(皇家的,3次)、successful(成功的,9次)、traditional(传统的,3次)、well-mannered(举止得体的,20次)、well-to-do(优渥富足的,3次)。上述语义分布的统计结果表明,受访者对英格兰(包括国家与文化层面)的态度整体偏向积极。 在这些联想表述中,可归纳出若干语义框架,涵盖国家幅员、国家结构、历史时长、色彩意象、地理位置、气候条件以及(居民的)性格特质等类别。

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2022-02-14
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