Toxic temperatures: Bee behaviours exhibit divergent pesticide toxicity relationships with warming

Climate change and agricultural intensification are exposing insect pollinators to temperature extremes and increasing pesticide usage. Yet, we lack good quantification of how temperature modulates the sublethal effects of pesticides on behaviours vital for fitness and pollination performance. Consequently, we are uncertain if warming decreases or increases the severity of different pesticide impacts, and whether separate behaviours vary in the direction of response. Quantifying these interactive effects is vital in forecasting pesticide risk across climate regions and informing pesticide application strategies and pollinator conservation. This multi-stressor study investigated the responses of six functional behaviours of bumblebees when exposed to either a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) or a sulfoximine (sulfoxaflor) across a standardised low, mid, and high temperature. We found the neonicotinoid had a significant effect on five of the six behaviours, with a greater effect at the lower ..., ,气候变化与农业集约化正使昆虫传粉者暴露于极端温度环境之中，同时农药使用量也持续攀升。然而，目前我们尚缺乏对温度如何调控农药亚致死效应影响传粉者适合度与传粉功能相关行为的精准量化研究。因此，我们尚无法确定气候变暖是会削弱还是加剧不同农药暴露的危害程度，也不清楚不同行为的响应方向是否存在差异。量化这些交互效应，对于跨气候区域预测农药风险、优化农药施用策略以及开展传粉者保护工作均至关重要。本项多胁迫因子研究以熊蜂为研究对象，设置标准化的低温、中温和高温三个温度梯度，探究其分别暴露于新烟碱类杀虫剂（neonicotinoid，吡虫啉imidacloprid）与亚砜亚胺类杀虫剂（sulfoximine，氟啶虫胺腈sulfoxaflor）时，六种功能性行为的响应情况。研究发现，新烟碱类杀虫剂对六种行为中的五种产生了显著影响，且在较低温度下的影响更为显著……