Causes and consequences of failed adaptation to biological invasions: the role of ecological constraints

Biological invasions are a major challenge to native communities and have the potential to exert strong selection on native populations. As a result, native taxa may adapt to the presence of invaders through increased competitive ability, increased antipredator defences or altered morphologies that may limit encounters with toxic prey. Yet, in some cases, species may fail to adapt to biological invasions. Many challenges to adaptation arise because biological invasions occur in complex species-rich communities in spatially and temporally variable environments. Here, we review these ‘ecological’ constraints on adaptation, focusing on the complications that arise from the need to simultaneously adapt to multiple biotic agents and from temporal and spatial variation in both selection and demography. Throughout, we illustrate cases where these constraints might be especially important in native populations faced with biological invasions. Our goal was to highlight additional complexities em...生物入侵对本地群落构成重大挑战，且有可能对本地种群施加强烈的选择压力。据此，本地类群可通过提升竞争能力、增强反捕食防御，或是改变形态以减少与有毒猎物的接触，来适应入侵物种的存在。然而在部分情形中，物种可能无法适应生物入侵。诸多适应难题之所以产生，是因为生物入侵发生在物种丰富且结构复杂的群落中，且所处环境兼具空间与时间异质性。本文综述了这些作用于适应性演化的‘生态’约束，重点探讨了两类复合困境：一是需要同时适应多种生物因子，二是选择压力与种群动态均存在时空变异。全文将结合实例，阐明这些约束在遭遇生物入侵的本地种群中尤为关键的情形。本研究旨在凸显适应性演化进程中额外的复杂因素……