Continuous snow depth and temperature measurements from dense network of above-ground distributed temperature profiling systems from 2021-09-23 to 2024-08-23, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

The dataset contains temperature measurements from distributed temperature profiling (DTP) systems (Dafflon et al., 2022; Wielandt et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2024a; Fiolleau et al., 2024) deployed vertically above the ground surface at a large number of locations from 2021 to 2024. The research is designed to improve understanding of the local heterogeneity in snow depth and snow thermal insulation dynamics, as well as their interactions in a discontinuous permafrost region (Wang et al., 2025). The DTP systems were deployed at 96 locations in a watershed along the Nome-Teller road at mile marker 27 (T27) and at 54 locations on a hillslope along the Kougarok road at mile marker 64 (K64) in the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The probe location information is stored in Probe_locations_T27.csv and Probe_locations_K64.csv. Temperature measurements were recorded at 15-minute intervals using high-precision digital sensors (accuracy: ±0.1°C, resolution: 0.0078°C). The temperature probes, either 1.4 m or 1.6 m long, contain sensors spaced every 5 cm or 10 cm along their length. The temperature data are stored in compressed files following the format: DTP_snow_air_temperature_(site)_(start)_(end).zip, where site is either T27 or K64, and start and end represent the time series period. Within each ZIP file, individual CSV files are named by probe ID and contain temperature records at different heights above the ground surface. This dataset also includes derived snow depth time series over three snow seasons, estimated from temperature measurements. Snow depth was estimated by identifying the consecutive sensor pair that exhibited the largest drop in high-frequency temperature fluctuations (detailed in the methods). These data are stored in: Snow_depths_flags_(site)_(start)_(end).csv, which includes snow depth time series and corresponding quality flags (defined in the methods) from different probes. Additionally, the dataset includes derived metrics and supporting measurements at selected locations over two snow seasons, contributing to the manuscript of Wang et al., 2025. These locations were chosen based on the availability of high-quality snow depth time series during both seasons. The additional data include: (1) Air temperature proxies measured from the top sensors on the pole when they were not buried by snow, stored in Air_temperature_proxies_(site)_(start)_(end).csv (2) Ground interface temperature, recorded at 3 cm above the ground, stored in Ground_interface_temperature_(site)_(start)_(end).csv (3) Site characteristics, including vegetation height, elevation, and the topographic position index (TPI) within a 50 m radius, stored in Selected_probe_locations_gps_vegheight_tpi_elevation_(site).csv. These metrics were derived from 1 m resolution summer LiDAR-based digital elevation models and digital surface models from Singhania et al., 2023, DOI:10.5440/1832016. Metadata files include data descriptions (_dd.csv) for tabular data. All included files are listed and described in xxxx_flmd.csv. This dataset is an updated version of a previous archive (Wang et al., 2024b, DOI: 10.15485/2475020), incorporating multiple seasons and improved snow depth estimation. Please note that due to large amount of information present in this dataset, many specificities associated with the acquisition of snow temperature, air temperature proxy and estimation of snow depth, and the future archiving of additional datasets on the soil temperature, thaw depth and soil characteristics at these locations, the author would welcome being contacted by people planning to use this dataset. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).本数据集包含来自分布式温度剖面（Distributed Temperature Profiling, DTP）系统（Dafflon等人，2022；Wielandt等人，2022；Wang等人，2024a；Fiolleau等人，2024）的温度测量数据，该系统于2021年至2024年在大量点位垂直部署于地表上方。本研究旨在加深对不连续永久冻土区积雪深度及其保温动力的局地异质性，以及二者间相互作用的理解（Wang等人，2025）。 DTP系统在阿拉斯加苏厄德半岛诺姆-特勒公路27英里标记处（T27）的流域内布设了96个点位，并在库加鲁克公路64英里标记处（K64）的山坡上布设了54个点位。探头位置信息存储于Probe_locations_T27.csv与Probe_locations_K64.csv文件中。 温度测量以15分钟间隔进行记录，采用高精度数字传感器（精度：±0.1°C，分辨率：0.0078°C）。温度探头长度为1.4m或1.6m，沿杆身每5cm或10cm布设一枚传感器。温度数据以压缩文件形式存储，命名格式为：DTP_snow_air_temperature_(site)_(start)_(end).zip，其中site为T27或K64，start与end代表时间序列时段。每个压缩包内包含以探头ID命名的独立CSV文件，存储地表上方不同高度的温度记录。 本数据集还包含由温度测量数据估算得到的三个雪季的衍生积雪深度时间序列。积雪深度通过识别高频温度波动降幅最大的连续传感器对进行估算（方法详见原文）。此类数据存储于Snow_depths_flags_(site)_(start)_(end).csv，该文件包含不同探头的积雪深度时间序列及对应质量标记（方法中已定义）。 此外，本数据集包含两个雪季中选定点位的衍生指标与辅助测量数据，用于Wang等人2025年的研究论文。这些点位基于两个雪季均有高质量积雪深度时间序列的可用性进行选定。额外数据包括： 1. 未被积雪掩埋的杆顶传感器测得的气温代理数据，存储于Air_temperature_proxies_(site)_(start)_(end).csv； 2. 地表上方3cm处记录的地面界面温度，存储于Ground_interface_temperature_(site)_(start)_(end).csv； 3. 点位特征数据，包括植被高度、海拔及50m半径内的地形位置指数（Topographic Position Index, TPI），存储于Selected_probe_locations_gps_vegheight_tpi_elevation_(site).csv。 上述指标由Singhania等人2023年发布的1m分辨率夏季机载激光雷达（Light Detection and Ranging, LiDAR）数字高程模型与数字表面模型衍生而来，DOI:10.5440/1832016。 元数据文件包含表格数据的数据说明文件（_dd.csv），所有包含文件均在xxxx_flmd.csv中列出并说明。本数据集是先前存档版本（Wang等人，2024b，DOI: 10.15485/2475020）的更新版本，纳入了多个雪季数据并优化了积雪深度估算方法。 请注意，由于本数据集包含大量信息，涉及雪温度采集、气温代理数据获取与积雪深度估算的诸多细节，且后续将存档这些点位的土壤温度、解冻深度与土壤特性等额外数据集，作者欢迎计划使用本数据集的人员与其联系。 下一代北极生态系统实验（Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic, NGEE Arctic）是一项研究计划，旨在通过深化对富碳北极生态系统的预测性理解及其对气候的反馈，降低地球系统模型的不确定性。该项目由美国能源部生物与环境研究办公室资助。NGEE Arctic设有两个野外研究站点：1) 位于阿拉斯加乌特恰维克（原巴罗）附近北坡的巴罗环境观测站（Barrow Environmental Observatory, BEO）的北极多边形苔原沿海区域；2) 阿拉斯加诺姆以北苏厄德半岛不连续永久冻土区的多个区域。通过观测、实验与现有数据集综合分析，NGEE Arctic为多尺度建模提供了增强的知识库，并助力美国能源部地球系统模型——能源极端尺度地球系统模型（Energy Exascale Earth System Model, E3SM），尤其是其陆面模型组件（E3SM陆面模型，ELM）在全球泛北极尺度上的过程表征优化。