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Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NE), which is common in premature babies, has been associated with lung damage. Our aim is to explore the effect of enterally administered extra virgin olive oil (EO) with rich polyphenol content on clinical parameters, histopathological score, Transforming growt factor beta-1 (TGFβ1), Caspase 3 and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in NE-related lung injury of neonatal rats. Methods Three groups (control, NE, NE+EO) were created, with 8 neonatal rats in each group. NE was induced by hypoxia-hyperoxia-hypothermia and formula feeding. EO was given to the treatment group by orogastric probe for 3 days. Intestinal and lung tissue were excised for analysis. Results TGFβ1 expression levels, TGFβ1 and MDA concentration levels were higher in the NE compared to NE + EO and control groups (p Conclusion Our findings emphasize that TGFß1 has an crucial function in NE-related lung injury and that EO has therapeutic potential in NE-related lung injury.