Daintree Automated Marine Weather And Oceanographic Station
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This dataset contains historical meteorological data from the weather station, which was located north of the Daintree River in North Queensland, between 12 February 1997 and 31 May 1998.Data recorded: Barometric Pressure, Air Temperature, Solar Radiation (PAR), Wind Direction True (vector averaged), Wind Speed True (30 min average), Humidity, Rainfall. These data were collected to support scientific research at AIMS. Data are made available on request to other researchers and to the public. The weather station was an AIMS Mk3 System1. Operation and Weather SensorsThe weather stations collect and store data in electronic memory every half-hour. A central base station calls each remote station regularly using HF radio or telephone lines. The data is transmitted over the radio as a frequency shift keyed signal, organised as packets of information. Errors are detected using parity and check sum methods. Invalid packets are identified by the Base Station, which requests they be sent again. This concept allows recovery of a very high percentage of the data despite poor communications. Remote stations store data for 21 days. Features such as automatic operation, remote control, remote time setting, built in diagnostics, have been developed and incorporated.The sensors are a key part of a weather station. The following are chosen considering the cost, reliability and accuracy.* R.M.Young manufactures the wind sensor, a model number 05103. It is a propeller type with the advantages of being highly linear, highly interchangeable and having a low threshold. Wind direction is measured as the direction the wind is coming from.* The solar radiation sensor is an Under Water Quantum Sensor made by Licor. It measures light in terms of its "Photosynthetically Active Radiation" (PAR). The spectral response is defined and weighted. Drift due to aging of the filters has proven to be a problem, but this applies to similar units too.* Temperature sensors are all Omega Interchangeable Thermistors. These are interchangeable and have high accuracy, but reliability has proven a problem. We are considering alternatives.* The barometric sensor was a modified Aanderaa type on earlier stations. The Mk2 stations were fitted with a Weathertronics Unit. Now all stations are Mk3 stations fitted with a Vaisala barometer which is more interchangeable and more accurate.2. System AccuracySystem accuracy is calculated as the sum of errors caused by: * Calibration * Interchanging sensors * Drift with time * Effects of an ambient temperature range from 0-40 degrees C.The following are the specifications of the sensors used with Mk3 stations. A new sensor suite will be used with Mk5 stations, partly based on the Vaisala WXT510 weather sensor.Both the temperature and wind sensors are interchangeable, and not individually calibrated, though some individual sensors have been checked against standards.* Air Temperature: Interchangeable thermistor and electronics is within +/- 0.4 deg. C, with a 30 seconds settling time in air. There are additional errors due to the aspiration of the temperature screen at low wind speeds.* Solar radiation (PAR): +/- 5% of reading. Sensor drift is approximately -4% per year initially.* Barometric pressure: +/- 1 hecto Pascal.* Wind speed: 2% of reading +/- 0.1% FSD.* Wind direction: 2% of reading +/- 0.1% FSD.Electrical settling time for solar radiation and wind parameters is 7 seconds. This is necessary for anti-aliasing filters. Mk1 and Mk2 stations averaged 16 samples over the 16 seconds before logging. Mk3 stations use a continuously averaging software system. The wind readings are vector averaged, so direction is accounted for properly.Calibration procedures and routines are detailed on the Engineering website.3. Wind Sensor SpecificationThe following are additional specifications of the wind sensors used with Mk3 stations. A new sensor will be used with Mk5 stations. Wind sensors are mounted at a nominal 10 meters above water. The R.M. Young sensor has the following characteristics:* Wind SpeedRange: 0-60 m/sPitch: 29.4 cm air passes per rev.Distance constant: 2.7 m for 63% recovery* Wind DirectionRange: 360 deg, with 5 deg electrically open at northDamping ratio: 0.25Delay distance: 1.5 m for 50% recoveryThreshold: 1.0 m/s @ 10 deg.Displacement: 1.5 m/s @ 5 deg. displacement Damped w/length: 7.4 mUndamped w/length: 7.2 m
本数据集收录了位于澳大利亚昆士兰州北部戴恩特里河以北的气象站在1997年2月12日至1998年5月31日期间的历史气象观测数据。本次观测记录的气象要素包括：气压、气温、光合有效辐射（Photosynthetically Active Radiation，PAR）、真风向（矢量平均法计算）、真风速（30分钟平均值）、相对湿度、降雨量。 本数据集由澳大利亚海洋科学研究所（AIMS）采集，旨在支撑其相关科研工作。数据可应其他科研人员及公众的申请向全社会公开共享。 该气象站为AIMS Mk3型观测系统。 一、系统运行机制与气象传感器 气象站每半小时采集并存储一次观测数据至电子内存中。中心基站通过高频（HF）无线电或电话线定期轮询各远程气象站，数据以频移键控信号形式通过无线电传输，封装为信息数据包。基站通过奇偶校验与校验和方法检测传输错误，识别无效数据包后请求重传，即便通信条件不佳，该机制仍可恢复绝大多数有效数据。远程气象站可本地缓存数据长达21天。系统集成了自动运行、远程控制、远程校时、内置诊断等功能模块。 气象传感器是气象站的核心组成部分，选型综合考量了成本、可靠性与精度： 1. 风速风向传感器：由R.M.Young公司生产，型号为05103，为螺旋桨式结构，具备高线性度、高互换性与低启动阈值的优势。风向测量结果表征风的来向。 2. 太阳辐射传感器：采用Licor公司生产的水下量子传感器，以光合有效辐射（PAR）为单位量化光照强度，具备标准化的光谱响应与权重匹配特性。该传感器的滤光片随使用时长出现老化漂移是已知缺陷，同类产品亦存在该问题。 3. 气温传感器：全部采用Omega公司的可互换热敏电阻，具备互换性强、测量精度高的特点，但可靠性存在一定不足，目前团队正考虑备选传感器方案。 4. 气压传感器：早期气象站搭载经过定制改装的Aanderaa型气压传感器，Mk2型站点配备Weathertronics气压单元；当前所有Mk3型站点均换装为维萨拉（Vaisala）气压传感器，该传感器具备更高的互换性与测量精度。 二、系统精度 系统总测量误差由以下四类误差叠加而成：校准误差、传感器互换误差、随时间产生的漂移误差，以及环境温度处于0~40℃区间时引入的环境影响误差。 以下为Mk3型站点搭载的传感器性能规格。Mk5型站点将采用全新的传感器套件，其设计部分基于维萨拉WXT510气象传感器。 所有气温与风速传感器均具备互换性，无需单独校准，但部分传感器已通过标准计量设备进行过精度核验： 1. 气温：可互换热敏电阻与配套电子系统的测量误差为±0.4℃，在空气中的响应稳定时间为30秒；低风速条件下，温度屏蔽罩的抽气效应会引入额外测量误差。 2. 光合有效辐射（PAR）：测量误差为±5%读数，初始年漂移量约为-4%。 3. 气压：±1百帕。 4. 风速：2%读数 ±0.1%满量程（Full Scale Deflection，FSD）。 5. 风向：2%读数 ±0.1%FSD。 太阳辐射与风速参数的电气稳定时间为7秒，该设置用于满足抗混叠滤波的设计要求。Mk1与Mk2型站点在记录数据前，会对16秒内采集的16个采样点取平均值；Mk3型站点则采用连续平均的软件处理系统。风速观测采用矢量平均法，可准确体现风向信息。 详细的校准流程与操作规范详见工程官网。 三、风速传感器补充规格 以下为Mk3型站点搭载的风速传感器的补充性能参数。Mk5型站点将换装新型风速传感器。 风速传感器的标称安装高度为距水面10米。R.M.Young型号05103传感器的具体特性如下： 1. 风速 测量范围：0~60 m/s 每转气流通过距离：29.4 cm 距离常数：2.7 m（对应63%响应恢复） 2. 风向 测量范围：360°，正北方向电气开度为5° 阻尼比：0.25 延迟距离：1.5 m（对应50%响应恢复） 启动阈值：1.0 m/s（10°工况下） 位移响应：1.5 m/s（5°位移工况下） 阻尼系统长度：7.4 m 无阻尼系统长度：7.2 m
