BUILDING DUAL BANKING ECOSYSTEMS: REGULATORY ARCHITECTURE AND INTEGRATION MODELS OF ISLAMIC AND CONVENTIONAL FINANCE IN EMERGING MARKETS

The expansion of finance has led to the development of dual banking systems in many emerging economies. This article examines the architecture and integration models of dual banking ecosystems through a comparative study of Malaysia, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Turkey and Kazakhstan. The methodology involves analyzing regulatory documents, official reports and academic literature. The article proposes a regulatory framework emphasizing transparency, centralized Shariah governance, regulatory parity, capacity building and consumer protection.