Afrobarometer Survey 1 1999-2000, Merged 7 Country - Africa

Abstract
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The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2000) initially surveyed 7 African countries with an identical questionnaire. The 7 country dataset is a subset of the Round 1 survey dataset, and consists of a combined dataset for the for the following countries:

Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Round 1 was later extended to include 12 countries (1999-2001). Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, and Round 4 (2008) 20 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 5 (2011-2013) and 36 countries in Round 6 (2014-2015). Round 6 (2014-2015) covers 34 countries and Round 7 (2016-2018) coveres 36 countries.

Geographic coverage
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The survey covers the following 7 African countries: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Analysis unit
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Households and individuals

Universe
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The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalised settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design:
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages:
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewers alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found in Section 5 of the Afrobarometer Round 5 Survey Manual

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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In contrast to the full 12 country Round 1 Afrobarometer survey conducted in 1999-2001, the 7 country Round 1 (1999-2000) has more indicators and uses a standardized questionnaire with the same question wording and response categories for all of the countries.

摘要
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非洲晴雨表（Afrobarometer）是一项比较性的公众态度调查系列，旨在评估非洲公民对民主与治理、市场以及公民社会等议题的态度。自1999年起，该调查以定期间隔进行。随着时间推移，非洲晴雨表的覆盖范围不断扩大。第1轮（1999-2000年）最初对7个非洲国家进行了相同问卷的调查。这7个国家的数据集是第1轮调查数据集的子集，包括以下国家的综合数据集：博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦。
地理覆盖范围
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调查涵盖了以下7个非洲国家：博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦。
分析单元
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家庭和个人
总体
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非洲晴雨表调查的样本总体包括该国所有具有投票年龄的公民。换句话说，我们排除了任何非公民以及任何在调查当天未达到此年龄（通常为18岁）的人。此外，还包括被确定为无法到达或与本研究无关的地区，如经历武装冲突或自然灾害的地区，以及国家公园和野生动物保护区。作为惯例，我们还将排除居住在制度化环境中的个人，例如宿舍的学生、监狱或养老院的居民。
数据类型
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样本调查数据
抽样程序
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非洲晴雨表采用国家概率样本，旨在满足以下标准。样本设计旨在生成一个样本，该样本代表给定国家所有具有投票年龄的公民的横截面。目标是给予每位成年公民一个平等且已知的被选中的机会。他们通过以下方式实现这一目标：
• 在抽样的每个阶段使用随机选择方法；
• 在可能的情况下，以与人口规模成比例的概率进行所有阶段的抽样，以确保较大的（即人口较多的）地理单位有更大的概率被选入样本。
抽样总体通常包括所有18岁及以上的公民。作为标准惯例，我们排除了居住在制度化环境中的个人，例如宿舍的学生、医院的患者以及监狱或养老院的居民。偶尔，我们还需要排除因冲突或不安全而确定为无法到达的地区中的居民。任何此类排除均在随数据集附带的技術信息報告（TIR）中注明。
样本大小和设计：
样本通常包括1,200个或2,400个案例。随机选择的n=1,200个案例允许对全国成年人口进行推断，抽样误差不超过±2.8%，置信水平为95%。样本量为n=2,400时，置信水平为95%时的误差范围降低至±2.0%。
样本设计为集群、分层、多阶段、地区概率样本。具体而言，我们首先根据主要次国家政府单位（州、省、地区等）以及城市或乡村位置对样本进行分层。
地区分层减少了在样本中遗漏具有特定民族或语言群体的可能性。非洲晴雨表偶尔会故意对国家内部具有政治意义的某些群体进行过度抽样，以确保子样本的大小足以进行分析。任何过度抽样均在TIR中注明。
样本阶段：
样本在四个或五个阶段中进行抽取：
阶段1：仅在乡村地区，第一阶段是抽取次级抽样单位（SSU）。SSU在城市地区不使用，在某些国家，在乡村地区也不使用。请参阅随每个数据集附带的TIR中关于任何给定国家样本的具体细节。
阶段2：我们随机选择一级抽样单位（PSU）。
阶段3：然后随机选择抽样起点。
阶段4：访谈员随后随机选择家庭。
阶段5：在家庭内，访谈员随机选择一位受访者。每位访谈员在每户家庭中交替对男性和女性进行访谈，以确保样本中的性别平衡。为了将现场工作的成本和后勤控制在可管理的范围内，每个选定的PSU中集中了八个访谈。
关于抽样协议的更多信息，包括样本选择每个阶段的详细方法，请参阅非洲晴雨表第5轮调查手册的第5节。
数据收集方式
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面对面访谈 [f2f]
研究工具
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与1999-2001年进行的包含12个国家在内的完整非洲晴雨表第1轮调查相比，7个国家第1轮（1999-2000年）包含更多的指标，并使用标准化的问卷，所有国家的问卷问题措辞和回答类别均相同。