Near-real-time monitoring of global ocean carbon sink for 2010-2023

We present a near-real-time, monthly grid-based dataset of global surface ocean fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux data from January 2010 to June 2024, called Carbon Monitor Ocean (CMO-NRT). The data have been derived by updating the estimates from 8 Global Ocean Biogeochemical Models and 8 data products in the Global Carbon Budget 2022 to a near-real-time framework. This is achieved by employing Convolutional Neural Networks and semi-supervised learning methods to learn the non-linear relationship between the fCO2 estimates from models or products and climate predictive variables, and subsequently calculating the air-sea CO2 flux. The data from 2010 to 2021 represent historical reconstructions based on model outputs, while the data from 2022 to June 2024 are near-real-time estimates.