Data from: Next-generation museum genomics: phylogenetic relationships among palpimanoid spiders using sequence capture techniques (Araneae: Palpimanoidea)

Historical museum specimens are invaluable for morphological and taxonomic research, but typically the DNA is degraded making traditional sequencing techniques difficult to impossible for many specimens. Recent advances in Next-Generation Sequencing, specifically target capture, makes use of short fragment sizes typical of degraded DNA, opening up the possibilities for gathering genomic data from museum specimens. This study uses museum specimens and recent target capture sequencing techniques to sequence both Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCE) and exonic regions for lineages that span the modern spiders, Araneomorphae, with a focus on Palpimanoidea. While many previous studies have used target capture techniques on dried museum specimens (for example, skins, pinned insects), this study includes specimens that were collected over the last two decades and stored in 70% ethanol at room temperature. Our findings support the utility of target capture methods for examining deep relationships within Araneomorphae: sequences from both UCE and exonic loci were important for resolving relationships; a monophyletic Palpimanoidea was recovered in many analyses and there was strong support for family and generic-level palpimanoid relationships. Ancestral character state reconstructions reveal that the highly modified carapace observed in mecysmaucheniids and archaeids has evolved independently.博物馆历史标本在形态学与分类学研究中具备不可估量的宝贵价值，但多数标本的DNA通常已发生降解，致使传统测序技术难以甚至无法应用于这类样本。近期下一代测序（Next-Generation Sequencing, NGS）技术的进展，尤其是靶向捕获（target capture）技术，可利用降解DNA典型的短片段特征，为从博物馆标本中获取基因组数据开辟了全新路径。本研究采用博物馆标本与新型靶向捕获测序技术，对涵盖现代蜘蛛类群新蛛亚目（Araneomorphae）的谱系开展超保守元件（Ultra-Conserved Elements, UCE）与外显子区域测序，研究重点聚焦于触形蛛总科（Palpimanoidea）。尽管此前诸多研究已将靶向捕获技术应用于干燥博物馆标本（如皮肤标本、针插昆虫），但本研究的样本均为近二十年间采集、并以70%乙醇常温保存的标本。本研究结果证实了靶向捕获方法在解析新蛛亚目内部深层系统发育关系中的实用性：超保守元件与外显子位点的序列均对解决系统发育关系具有关键作用；多数分析均恢复出单系的触形蛛总科，且为该类群的科与属级系统发育关系提供了强有力的支持。祖先性状状态重建结果显示，长颚蛛科（Mecysmaucheniidae）与古蛛科（Archaeidae）所具有的高度特化头胸甲，系独立演化而来。