Predicted relationship trend between the group’s fission probability and the dominant male activity level, its social rank, the number of satellite males and the activity of satellite males and females in the group.

“+” and “−” signs represent the predicted direction of the relationship between a variable and the group’s fission probability. Among male rank categories, the signs represent the relative influence level of the variable on the group’s fission probability.
*This prediction was also assessed using the temporal synchrony between herding and the group’s fission probability.