Results of GLMMs (model fit by maximum likelihood, Laplace approximation) containing pair-wise contrasts for the main plant species (standardized absolute cover, see Methods) of the vegetated area at each study site.

Models included site (B: unarmoured beach, Rv: revetment and Sw: seawall) as a fixed factor, time (9 dates) as a covariate, and random effects were associated with transects as a grouping factor. The best fitted full model is indicated per response variable. SE: standard error; var: variance; SD: standard deviation; AIC: Akaike’s information criterion. Significant effects appear in bold. Results of GLMMs (model fit by maximum likelihood, Laplace approximation) containing pair-wise contrasts for the main plant species (standardized absolute cover, see Methods) of the vegetated area at each study site.