Immune response atlas in venom allergy patients during the first week of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Immune response atlas in venom allergy patients during the first week of allergen-specific immunotherapy

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only available curative option for allergic diseases. The early-stage immune change trajectory during AIT still remains elusive. Here, using ~220 samples we applied a multilayer-’Omics’ approach to reveal early-stage dynamics in the peripheral immune atlas and gut microbiota ecosystems in 18 venom-allergy patients (VAP) with ultra-rush AIT compared to 16 pollen-allergy patients with conventional-updosing AIT. We revealed a uniformed pulse in the responses of both CD4 and CD8 subsets, late-transitional B cells, non-classic monocytes, IL-6 signaling within CD4 Th2 cells and serological IL-6 levels in VAP immediately following AIT initiation. The disequilibrium between IL-6 and antigen presenting cells in VAP was re-introduced during early-stage AIT. The integrative analysis showed a substantial imbalance between Th1, Th2 responses and gut microbiota in both patent groups. Our work provides a resource of early-stage immune cellular and molecular dynamics, estimating the high beneficial rates in venom-specific AIT.