Data from: Land use intensity indirectly affects ecosystem services mainly through plant functional identity in a temperate forest

1.Land-use change is known to affect biodiversity, and there is increasing concern regarding how these changes may impact the provision of ecosystem services. Although functional composition (diversity and identity) could influence ecosystem properties and services at the community level, there is little quantitative understanding of these relationships in the field. Here, we evaluate the direct and indirect effects (through ecosystem properties) of biodiversity on the provision of multiple ecosystem services in native mixed forest in north-west Patagonia, and how land-use intensity influences these relationships. 2.We used structural equation modeling to test hypotheses regarding the relationship between understory plant functional composition, two ecosystem properties, four ecosystem services, and silvopastoral use intensity. We also evaluated two alternative models to assess the mechanism behind biodiversity and ecosystem properties relationships (biomass ratio and niche complementarity). Finally, we performed pairwise correlations to identify synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services. 3.Silvopastoral use intensity affected functional composition, and the provision of three out of four ecosystem services was indirectly affected by land-use intensity through changes in ecosystem properties. We found that this indirect effect of biodiversity on ecosystem services happens mainly through changes in functional identity rather than functional diversity. Under increasing land-use intensity, functional composition changed towards a community characterized by a resource acquisition strategy. Trade-offs between ecosystem services (provisioning vs. regulating) were enhanced under high silvopastoral use intensity, while synergies where enhanced under low silvopastoral use intensity (provisioning vs. cultural). Thus, although the strength of these relationships varied between silvopastoral use intensities, its nature (trade-off or synergy) stayed the same. 4.Our results expand on previous studies by simultaneously considering the effect of land-use intensification directly on functional composition and on the ecosystem processes underpinning ecosystem services, as well as on the relationship among them. We provide evidence of an indirect effect of land-use intensification on multiple ecosystem services through biodiversity. Moreover, we found that functional identity is more important than diversity for ecosystem functionality. Land-use intensification affects biodiversity, and thus, ecosystem properties, but does not change the relationship among ecosystem services.1. 土地利用变化（Land-use change）已知会影响生物多样性（biodiversity），当前学界对这类变化如何影响生态系统服务（ecosystem services）供给的关注度与日俱增。尽管功能组成（functional composition）可在群落层面影响生态系统属性与服务，但目前学界对野外场景下二者的关联尚缺乏定量认知。本研究以巴塔哥尼亚西北部的原生混交林为研究对象，评估生物多样性对多种生态系统服务供给的直接与间接（通过生态系统属性介导）影响，同时探究土地利用强度如何调控这些关联。 2. 本研究采用结构方程模型（structural equation modeling）检验关于林下植物功能组成、两类生态系统属性、四项生态系统服务与林牧利用强度（silvopastoral use intensity）之间关联的研究假说。此外，我们还构建了两种备选模型，以解析生物多样性与生态系统属性之间关联的潜在机制，即生物量比假说与生态位互补假说。最后，通过两两相关性分析识别生态系统服务间的协同与权衡关系。 3. 林牧利用强度会对功能组成产生影响，且四项生态系统服务中有三项的供给会通过生态系统属性的变化，间接受到土地利用强度的调控。本研究发现，生物多样性对生态系统服务的间接影响主要通过功能特性（functional identity）的变化介导，而非功能多样性（functional diversity）。随着土地利用强度提升，功能组成逐渐向以资源获取策略为特征的群落方向转变。在高林牧利用强度下，生态系统服务间的权衡关系（供给服务vs.调节服务）会被强化；而在低林牧利用强度下，生态系统服务间的协同关系（供给服务vs.文化服务）会被强化。由此可见，尽管这些关联的强度会随林牧利用强度的变化而改变，但其本质（权衡或协同）始终保持一致。 4. 本研究结果拓展了既往研究的认知边界——首次同时考量了土地利用集约化对功能组成、支撑生态系统服务的生态系统过程的直接影响，以及三者之间的关联。本研究为土地利用集约化通过生物多样性间接影响多种生态系统服务提供了实证证据。此外，我们发现相较于功能多样性，功能特性对生态系统功能更为关键。土地利用集约化会影响生物多样性，进而影响生态系统属性，但不会改变生态系统服务之间的固有关联。