Assessing Irrigation-Induced Groundwater Stress in an Arid Environment Using FAO-56 Evapotranspiration and Hydrogeochemical Indicators

Climate data obtained from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset developed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), covering the period 2009 – 2025. The extracted climate variables included 2 m air temperature, 2 m dewpoint temperature, surface solar radiation downwards, 10 m wind speed components, and total precipitation. The data also includes groundwater hydrogeochemical and isotopic data. The dataset includes electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), major dissolved ions (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and HCO₃⁻), and stable isotopes of water (δ¹⁸O and δ²H).