Soil: Temperature Data - Hillsdale 2 - Water year 2000-2004 - Complete Spreadsheet With Graphs and Background Information, Field Notes.

Baltimore Ecosystem Study Long-Term Study Plot Soil Metadata Participants Peter Groffman, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Richard V. Pouyat, U.S. Forest Service Introduction The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of long-term permanent biogeochemical study plots. These plots will provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area, and four grass plots. These plots are complemented by a network of 200 less intensive study plots located across the Baltimore metropolitan area. See Baltimore's Vegetation Structure And Its Ability To Remove Air Pollutants And Sequester Carbon Dioxide, online: http://beslter.org/frame4-page_3b_02.html . Plots are currently instrumented with lysimeters (drainage and tension) to sample soil solution chemistry, time domain reflectometry probes to measure soil moisture, dataloggers to measure and record soil temperature and trace gas flux chambers to measure the flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane from soil to the atmosphere. Measurements of in situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification were made at approximately monthly intervals from Fall 1998 - Fall 2000. Detailed vegetation characterization (all layers) was done in summer 1998. Data from these plots has been published in Groffman et al. (2006, 2009), Groffman and Pouyat (2009) and Savva et al. (2010). Plot Locations and Characterizations In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. In June of 2010 measurements at the mid-slope sites on Pond Branch were discontinued. Monuments and equipment remain at the two plots. These plots were replaced with two lowland riparian plots; Oregon upper riparian and Oregon lower riparian. Each riparian sites has four 5 cm by 1-2.5 meter depth slotted wells laid perpendicular to the stream, four tension lysimeters at 10 cm depth, five time domain reflectometry probes, and four trace gas flux chambers in the two dominant microtopographic features of the riparian zones --- high spots (hummocks) and low spots (hollows). Four urban, forested plots were established in November 1998, two at Leakin Park and two adjacent to Hillsdale Park in west Baltimore City in the Gwynns Falls. One of the plots in Hillsdale Park was abandoned in 2004 due to continued vandalism. In May 1999 two grass, lawn plots were established at McDonogh School in Baltimore County west of the city in the Gwynns Falls. One of these plots is an extremely low intensity management area (mowed once or twice a year) and one is in a low intensity management area (frequent mowing, no fertilizer or herbicide use). In 2009, the McDonogh plots were abandoned due to management changes at the school. Two grass lawn plots were established on the campus of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) in fall 2000. One of these plots is in a medium intensity management area (frequent mowing, moderate applications of fertilizer and herbicides) and one is in a high intensity management area (frequent mowing, high applications of fertilizer and herbicides). Plot locations: Hillsdale 1: 39 deg 19'28.14"N, 76 deg 42'16.49"W Hillsdale 2: 39 deg 19'31.24"N, 76 deg 42'28.62"W Leakin 1: 39 deg 18'1.32"N, 76 deg 41'37.08"W Leakin 2: 39 deg 18'5.42"N, 76 deg 41'34.15"W McDonogh 1: 39 deg 23'44.31"N, 76 deg 46'19.26"W McDonogh 2: 39 deg 23'52.26"N, 76 deg 46'23.52"W Oregon top-slope - 1: 39 deg 28'51.11"N, 76 deg 41'22.50"W Oregon mid-slope - 1: 39 deg 28'51.32"N, 76 deg 41'18.24"W Oregon top-slope - 2: 39 deg 29'12.74"N, 76 deg 41'22.88"W Oregon mid-slope - 2: 39 deg 29'12.68"N, 76 deg 41'18.62"W Oregon upper riparian: 39 deg 29'9.03"N, 76 deg 41'15.86"W Oregon lower riparian: 39 deg 28'52.06"N, 76 deg 41'15.54"W McDonogh 1: 39 deg 23'44.31"N, 76 deg 46'19.26"W McDonogh 2: 39 deg 23'52.26"N, 76 deg 46'23.52"W UMBC 1: 39 deg 15'8.82"N, 76 deg 42'10.43"W UMBC 2: 39 deg 14'6.50"N, 76 deg 42'48.71"W Soil Temperature Soil temperature is measured with HOBO H8 Pro Series Temp/External Temp data loggers from Onset Computer Corporation. One logger was installed in each plot to a depth of 10 cm. Each logger consists of an internal temperature sensor, which measures ambient air temperature at 10 cm below the surface from -30 deg C to 50 deg C, and an external temperature sensor, which measures aboveground temperature from -40 deg C to 100 deg C. Measurements are taken once every hour. Loggers are downloaded every six months either to a BoxCar shuttle or directly to a laptop computer using an interface cable. Data on the shuttle is downloaded onto a computer at the BES office at UMBC upon return from the field. Literature Cited Bowden R, Steudler P, Melillo J and Aber J. 1990. Annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States. J. Geophys. Res.�Atmos. 95, 13997 14005. Driscoll CT, Fuller RD and Simone DM (1988) Longitudinal variations in trace metal concentrations in a northern forested ecosystem. J. Environ. Qual. 17: 101-107 Goldman, M. B., P. M. Groffman, R. V. Pouyat, M. J. McDonnell, and S. T. A. Pickett. 1995. CH4 uptake and N availability in forest soils along an urban to rural gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27:281-286. Groffman PM, Holland E, Myrold DD, Robertson GP and Zou X (1999) Denitrification. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 272-290). Oxford University Press, New York Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K, Yesilonis IC,. Band LE and Brush GS. 2006. Land use context and natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests. Forest Ecology and Management 236:177-192. Groffman, P.M., C.O. Williams, R.V. Pouyat, L.E. Band and I.C. Yesilonis. 2009. Nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide flux in urban forests and grasslands. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:1848-1860. Groffman, P.M. and R.V. Pouyat. 2009. Methane uptake in urban forests and lawns. Environmental Science and Technology 43:5229-5235. DOI: 10.1021/es803720h. Holland EA, Boone R, Greenberg J, Groffman PM and Robertson GP (1999) Measurement of Soil CO2, N2O and CH4 exchange. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press, New York Robertson GP, Wedin D, Groffman PM, Blair JM, Holland EA, Nadelhoffer KJ and. Harris D. 1999. Soil carbon and nitrogen availability: Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and carbon turnover. In: Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research (Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press, New York Savva, Y., K. Szlavecz, R. V. Pouyat, P. M. Groffman, and G. Heisler. 2010. Effects of land use and vegetation cover on soil temperature in an urban ecosystem. Soil Science Society of America Journal 74:469-480.巴尔的摩生态系统研究长期样地土壤元数据 参与者：Peter Groffman（卡里生态系统研究所）、Richard V. Pouyat（美国林业局） 引言 巴尔的摩生态系统研究（Baltimore Ecosystem Study, BES）已构建一套长期永久生物地球化学样地网络，旨在获取城市生态系统内关键生态类型的植被、土壤及水文过程长期监测数据。当前样地网络包含8个森林样地（覆盖区域内各类森林生境）与4个草地样地，另辅以覆盖巴尔的摩大都市区的200个低强度监测样地。相关详情可参阅《巴尔的摩植被结构及其去除空气污染物与固碳能力》，在线链接：http://beslter.org/frame4-page_3b_02.html。 现有样地已安装渗漏计（lysimeter，含排水型与张力型）采集土壤溶液化学数据、时域反射计（time domain reflectometry, TDR）探头监测土壤湿度、数据记录仪记录土壤温度，以及痕量气体通量箱以测定土壤向大气排放的二氧化碳、一氧化二氮与甲烷通量。1998年秋季至2000年秋季期间，研究人员以约每月一次的频次开展原位氮矿化、硝化与反硝化作用监测；1998年夏季完成了全层次植被特征调查。 相关监测数据已发表于Groffman等（2006、2009）、Groffman与Pouyat（2009）及Savva等（2010）的研究中。 样地位置与特征 1998年11月，在格林斯福尔斯流域东北部巴尔的摩县的俄勒冈岭公园（Oregon Ridge Park）设立4个乡村森林样地，该公园包含作为BES森林参照流域的庞德支流（Pond Branch）。其中2个样地位于坡顶，另外2个位于坡中。2010年6月，庞德支流坡中样地的监测工作终止，但纪念碑与监测设备仍保留于两处样地。该样地被2个低地河岸样地替代：俄勒冈上游河岸样地与俄勒冈下游河岸样地。每个河岸样地配套安装4根垂直于溪流布设的5cm×1-2.5m开槽井、4个埋深10cm的张力型渗漏计、5个TDR探头，以及针对河岸带两种典型微地形——高地处（土丘）与低地处（凹地）——布设的4个痕量气体通量箱。 1998年11月另设立4个城市森林样地：2个位于利金公园（Leakin Park），2个位于巴尔的摩市西部格林斯福尔斯区域的希尔斯代尔公园周边。其中希尔斯代尔公园的1个样地因持续遭受人为破坏，于2004年停用。 1999年5月，在巴尔的摩市西部格林斯福尔斯区域的麦克多诺学校（McDonogh School）设立2个草地草坪样地：1个为极低管理强度样地（每年修剪1-2次），另1个为低管理强度样地（定期修剪，不施用肥料与除草剂）。2009年，因学校管理政策调整，麦克多诺样地停用。 2000年秋季，在马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校（University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC）校园内设立2个草地草坪样地：1个为中等管理强度样地（定期修剪，适量施用肥料与除草剂），另1个为高强度管理强度样地（定期修剪，大量施用肥料与除草剂）。 样地坐标： Hillsdale 1: 北纬39°19'28.14"N, 西经76°42'16.49"W Hillsdale 2: 北纬39°19'31.24"N, 西经76°42'28.62"W Leakin 1: 北纬39°18'1.32"N, 西经76°41'37.08"W Leakin 2: 北纬39°18'5.42"N, 西经76°41'34.15"W McDonogh 1: 北纬39°23'44.31"N, 西经76°46'19.26"W McDonogh 2: 北纬39°23'52.26"N, 西经76°46'23.52"W Oregon top-slope - 1: 北纬39°28'51.11"N, 西经76°41'22.50"W Oregon mid-slope - 1: 北纬39°28'51.32"N, 西经76°41'18.24"W Oregon top-slope - 2: 北纬39°29'12.74"N, 西经76°41'22.88"W Oregon mid-slope - 2: 北纬39°29'12.68"N, 西经76°41'18.62"W Oregon upper riparian: 北纬39°29'9.03"N, 西经76°41'15.86"W Oregon lower riparian: 北纬39°28'52.06"N, 西经76°41'15.54"W McDonogh 1: 北纬39°23'44.31"N, 西经76°46'19.26"W McDonogh 2: 北纬39°23'52.26"N, 西经76°46'23.52"W UMBC 1: 北纬39°15'8.82"N, 西经76°42'10.43"W UMBC 2: 北纬39°14'6.50"N, 西经76°42'48.71"W 土壤温度 土壤温度采用Onset计算机公司生产的HOBO H8 Pro系列温度/外接温度数据记录仪监测。每个样地内安装1台埋深10cm的记录仪，其内置温度传感器可测定地表下10cm处的环境空气温度，量程为-30℃至50℃；外接温度传感器则测定地上温度，量程为-40℃至100℃。监测频次为每小时1次。数据记录仪每6个月通过BoxCar穿梭记录仪或直接通过接口线缆连接笔记本电脑下载数据。现场取回的穿梭记录仪内的数据，将被导入马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校的BES办公室计算机中。 参考文献 Bowden R, Steudler P, Melillo J and Aber J. 1990. Annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres* 95, 13997-14005. Driscoll CT, Fuller RD and Simone DM (1988) Longitudinal variations in trace metal concentrations in a northern forested ecosystem. *Journal of Environmental Quality* 17: 101-107. Goldman, M. B., P. M. Groffman, R. V. Pouyat, M. J. McDonnell, and S. T. A. Pickett. 1995. CH4 uptake and N availability in forest soils along an urban to rural gradient. *Soil Biology and Biochemistry* 27:281-286. Groffman PM, Holland E, Myrold DD, Robertson GP and Zou X (1999) Denitrification. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) *Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research*. (pp 272-290). Oxford University Press, New York. Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K, Yesilonis IC, Band LE and Brush GS. 2006. Land use context and natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests. *Forest Ecology and Management* 236:177-192. Groffman, P.M., C.O. Williams, R.V. Pouyat, L.E. Band and I.C. Yesilonis. 2009. Nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide flux in urban forests and grasslands. *Journal of Environmental Quality* 38:1848-1860. Groffman, P.M. and R.V. Pouyat. 2009. Methane uptake in urban forests and lawns. *Environmental Science and Technology* 43:5229-5235. DOI: 10.1021/es803720h. Holland EA, Boone R, Greenberg J, Groffman PM and Robertson GP (1999) Measurement of Soil CO2, N2O and CH4 exchange. In: Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds) *Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research*. (pp 258-271). Oxford University Press, New York. Robertson GP, Wedin D, Groffman PM, Blair JM, Holland EA, Nadelhoffer KJ and Harris D. 1999. Soil carbon and nitrogen availability: Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and carbon turnover. In: *Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research* (Robertson GP, Bledsoe CS, Coleman DC and Sollins P (Eds)). Oxford University Press, New York, pp.258-271. Savva, Y., K. Szlavecz, R. V. Pouyat, P. M. Groffman, and G. Heisler. 2010. Effects of land use and vegetation cover on soil temperature in an urban ecosystem. *Soil Science Society of America Journal* 74:469-480.