Biological and Chemical Assessment of exposure and effects to produced formation water at Harriet A platform in NWS

A comprehensive biological and chemical assessment of the fate, effects and potential risks associated with Produced Formation Water (PFW) were conducted at the Harriet A platform on the Northwest Shelf of Australia. A controlled in situ caging study was conducted using a Australian, tropical reef species, Stripey seaperch (Lutjanus carponotatus), deployed in 6 separate galvanised steel cages set 1m subsurface at 3 stations; Site A (near-field~ 300 m), Site B (far-field, ~ 1000 m) and Site C, a reference site. Samples were collected at T= 0, T= 3 and T=10 days for EROD, cytochrome P450, bile metabolites, CYP1A, CYP2K1- and CYP2M1-like proteins, vitellogenin, GST, HSI, and histopathological assessment of liver and gills. In addition, time-integrated water column samplers (SPMDs) were deployed at all 3 sites to assess in situ petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations. The results from a 3 factor nested ANOVA, demonstrated that were no effects of cages nested in site, and no interactions between cages and time of sampling, therefore the effect of cages was removed from all subsequent analyses. As a result of univariate analysis (ANOVA), bile metabolites, CYP1A, CYP2M1- and CYP2K1-like proteins, and histopathological assessment of livers and gills were statistically significant (p < 0.05) at Site A after 10 days of exposure to PFW, corresponding with higher levels of PAHs at this site. Analysis by Principal Component established trends that the CYP-like proteins explained most of the variation amongst all biomarker responses, and these correlations were driven largely by the effects of site (Site A) and time of sampling (T=10). This study demonstrated that PFW discharged into this shallow tropical ecosystem is causing environmental degradation of water quality within close proximity to the Harriet A platform (~ 300 m). *

本研究针对澳大利亚西北陆架Harriet A钻井平台开展了一项全面的生物学与化学评估，旨在探究采出地层水（Produced Formation Water, PFW）的归趋、影响及潜在风险。研究采用澳大利亚热带珊瑚礁鱼类条纹海鲈（Lutjanus carponotatus）开展受控原位笼养实验：在3个站点的水下1米处布设6组独立镀锌钢笼，其中站点A为近场站点（约300米），站点B为远场站点（约1000米），站点C为对照站点。分别于T=0、T=3及T=10天采集样本，用于检测乙氧基试卤灵-O-脱乙基酶（EROD）、细胞色素P450、胆汁代谢物、CYP1A、CYP2K1及CYP2M1样蛋白、卵黄蛋白原、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）、肝体指数（HSI），并对肝脏与鳃组织开展组织病理学评估。此外，研究在全部3个站点部署了时间积分式水柱采样器（半透膜采样器，SPMDs），以原位测定水体中石油烃浓度。三因素嵌套方差分析结果显示，站点内嵌套的笼体无显著效应，且笼体与采样时间之间无交互效应，因此后续所有分析均剔除了笼体效应的影响。单因素方差分析（ANOVA）结果表明，暴露于采出地层水10天后，站点A的胆汁代谢物、CYP1A、CYP2M1及CYP2K1样蛋白水平，以及肝脏与鳃组织的病理学评估结果均具有统计学显著性（p<0.05），且该站点的多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs）水平相对更高。主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）结果显示，CYP样蛋白可解释大部分生物标志物响应的变异，且此类相关性主要受站点（站点A）与采样时间（T=10）的效应驱动。本研究证实，排放至该浅海热带生态系统的采出地层水，在Harriet A钻井平台附近（约300米范围内）造成了水环境质量的退化。