Modeled estimates of permafrost hydrology and related fields for pan-Arctic region over the period 1980-2100

This dataset contains gridded estimates of total runoff (mm/day); subsurface runoff (mm/day); snow water equivalent (SWE, mm/day); vertical upward water flux of combined surface evaporation, evapotranspiration, and snow sublimation (mm/day); and soil temperature (C) across the pan-Arctic basin from simulations of the Permafrost Water Balance Model (PWBM v4). These data were generated to allow researchers to advance understanding of the changes unfolding in the Arctic's terrestrial water cycle under the influences of climate warming, hydrological cycle intensification, and permafrost thaw. The dataset will enable researchers to address important questions spanning multiple disciplines. For example, how will rising river flows exported to the coast impact critical zone ecosystems, near-shore ice dynamics, and ocean biogeochemical processes. Spatial resolution is 25x25 km with N=39926 grid cells spanning the domain. Three forcing datasets were used to drive simulations at an implicit daily time step over the period 1980-2100. Daily air temperature, precipitation, and wind speed data from the WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to ERA5 reanalysis (W5E5) were used for meteorological forcings over the period 1980-2019. Simulations for the period 1980-2100 used meteorological data from two global climate models; IPSL-CM6A-LR and MPI-ESM1-2-HR. The PWBM hydrological outputs are organized by grid and month in gzipped ASCII text files within each archived tar file. Soil temperature is organized by grid cell and day of year from DOY 205 to DOY 260. No special software is required to work with these data. The package contains spatial domain and river basin information files. These data are most useful for analyses of the spatial and temporal variations in terrestrial hydrology and soil thermal dynamics. A manuscript describing the model simulations and associated analysis has been accepted for publication in The Cryosphere (Rawlins and Karmalkar, 2024).本数据集包含基于多年冻土水平衡模型（Permafrost Water Balance Model, PWBM v4）模拟得到的泛北极流域网格化估算数据，涵盖总径流（毫米/日）、地下径流（毫米/日）、雪水当量（Snow Water Equivalent, SWE，毫米/日）、综合地表蒸发、蒸散发与积雪升华的垂直向上水通量（毫米/日），以及土壤温度（摄氏度）。本数据集的构建初衷是支持研究者深入解析气候变暖、水循环加剧与多年冻土消融背景下，北极陆地水循环所发生的一系列变化。本数据集可助力研究者解决跨多学科的关键科学问题，例如：汇入海岸的径流总量上升将对关键带生态系统、近岸冰动力学及海洋生物地球化学过程产生何种影响？数据集空间分辨率为25 km×25 km，研究全域共包含39926个网格单元。本次模拟采用3套强迫数据集，以隐式日时间步长完成1980年至2100年的模拟：1980-2019年的气象强迫数据采用基于ERA5再分析数据的WATCH强迫数据方法（W5E5）所生成的日平均气温、降水与风速数据；1980-2100年的模拟则采用两套全球气候模式的气象数据，即IPSL-CM6A-LR与MPI-ESM1-2-HR。PWBM的水文输出结果以网格与月份为分类维度，存储于各归档tar文件内的gzip压缩ASCII文本文件中。土壤温度数据则以网格单元与年积日（Day of Year, DOY）为分类维度，覆盖年积日205至260。处理此类数据无需安装特殊软件，数据包中包含研究区域空间范围与流域信息文件。本数据集最适用于陆地水文与土壤热动力学的时空变化分析研究。一篇描述该模型模拟与相关分析方法的论文已被《冰冻圈》（The Cryosphere）期刊接收待刊（Rawlins与Karmalkar，2024）。