Journal subscription costs - FOIs to UK universities

This dataset contains the amount of money paid by UK higher education institutions to ten major publishers (Elsevier, Wiley, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Sage, Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Nature Publishing Group, Royal Society of Chemistry, and Institute of Physics Publishing) for academic journals from 2010-14. The data was obtained by sending FOI requests to each institution through the website whatdotheyknow.com. It now represents over £400m of expenditure. These are ten of the largest academic publishers but do not represent the total spend of these institutions on academic journals. Please see the F1000 data note (http://f1000research.com/articles/3-274/v2) for a full description of the data collection process. UPDATE 08/10/2014: Added figures for 13 more institutions. UPDATE 22/10/2014: Added figures for subscriptions to Elsevier journals. Also includes additional figures for other publishers for 16 institutions. UPDATE 24/10/2014: Added figures for subscriptions to Elsevier journals for 13 more institutions. UPDATE 27/10/2014: Added figures for subscriptions to Elsevier journals for 5 more institutions. UPDATE 29/10/2014: Added figures for subscriptions to Elsevier journals for 25 more institutions. UPDATE 5/11/2014: Added figures for subscriptions to Elsevier journals for 14 more institutions. UPDATE 25/11/2014: Added figures for Wiley, Springer, and OUP for 20 Russell Group institutions from Michelle Brook's FOI data (http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1250073) as well as further figures for around 20 other institutions. UPDATE 03/12/2014: Added figures for subscriptions to various publishers for 13 institutions. UPDATE 09/12/2014: Added figures for subscriptions to various publishers for 15 institutions. UPDATE 23/12/2014: Added figures for subscriptions to various publishers for 12 institutions. Note on the data 16/01/2015: It has been brought to my attention that the way I have added VAT to some figures may not be 100% accurate. I have added VAT to those figures for which it was not provided (a minority), but since VAT is only applied to electronic and not print publications in the UK, the figures I have added may not be completely accurate. Electronic subscriptions make up the majority of journal expenditure now but not all of it. Please bear this is mind when directly comparing different institutions' figures. I will see revisit the data at some point to see if I can rectify the problem. UPDATE 22/01/2015: Added figures for subscriptions to various publishers for 16 institutions. UPDATE 20/03/2015: Added figures for subscriptions to various publishers for 16 institutions. I have also removed the VAT (17.5% in 2010, 20% in 2011-14) which I had previously added to those figures which excluded VAT. This is to address the issue raised above - in the UK, VAT is only charged on electronic publications and not print. Since I don't know which proportion of the expenditure is on print and which is on electronic, I have decided not to add VAT. This may not make the figures more accurate but at least I can be sure that I am not inflating them. The total is now around £5m lower than before. UPDATE 05/06/2015: Data for three more publishers added (NPG, RSC, and IOP) for 70 institutions. Added figures for various other publishers for three institutions.本数据集收录了2010至2014年间，英国高等教育机构向十家主流学术出版商支付的学术期刊订阅费用明细。涉及的出版商包括：爱思唯尔（Elsevier）、威立（Wiley）、施普林格（Springer）、泰勒与弗朗西斯（Taylor & Francis）、赛吉（Sage）、牛津大学出版社（Oxford University Press）、剑桥大学出版社（Cambridge University Press）、自然出版集团（Nature Publishing Group）、英国皇家化学学会（Royal Society of Chemistry）以及物理学会出版社（Institute of Physics Publishing）。本数据集通过whatdotheyknow.com网站向各机构提交信息自由法（Freedom of Information, FOI）请求获取，总支出规模最初统计超过4亿英镑。需说明的是，上述十家出版商仅为学术出版领域的头部机构，本数据集并未涵盖英国高校在学术期刊上的全部支出。有关数据采集流程的完整说明，请参阅F1000研究数据注释（http://f1000research.com/articles/3-274/v2）。2014年10月8日更新：新增13所高校的支出数据。2014年10月22日更新：新增爱思唯尔期刊订阅数据，并补充16所高校向其他出版商的费用明细。2014年10月24日更新：新增13所高校的爱思唯尔期刊订阅数据。2014年10月27日更新：新增5所高校的爱思唯尔期刊订阅数据。2014年10月29日更新：新增25所高校的爱思唯尔期刊订阅数据。2014年11月5日更新：新增14所高校的爱思唯尔期刊订阅数据。2014年11月25日更新：新增20所罗素集团（Russell Group）高校向威立、施普林格及牛津大学出版社的支出数据（数据来源于Michelle Brook的信息自由法请求数据集，http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1250073），同时补充约20所其他高校的费用明细。2014年12月3日更新：新增13所高校向各出版商的订阅数据。2014年12月9日更新：新增15所高校向各出版商的订阅数据。2014年12月23日更新：新增12所高校向各出版商的订阅数据。2015年1月16日数据说明：有反馈指出，我此前为部分未包含增值税的费用添加增值税（Value Added Tax, VAT）的方式并不完全准确。由于英国仅对电子出版物征收增值税，印刷出版物无需缴纳，因此我添加的增值税可能存在偏差。当前学术期刊支出以电子订阅为主，但并非全部。在直接比较不同高校的支出数据时，请留意这一问题。后续我将考虑重新审核该数据集以修正此问题。2015年1月22日更新：新增16所高校向各出版商的订阅数据。2015年3月20日更新：新增16所高校向各出版商的订阅数据。同时，我移除了此前为未包含增值税的费用添加的增值税（2010年增值税率为17.5%，2011年至2014年为20%），以解决前述问题。鉴于无法得知支出中印刷与电子订阅的占比，我决定不再额外添加增值税。此举虽未必能提升数据准确性，但可确保不会虚高支出总额。调整后总支出规模较此前减少约500万英镑。2015年6月5日更新：新增70所高校向三家出版商的支出数据（自然出版集团、英国皇家化学学会、物理学会出版社），并补充3所高校向其他出版商的费用明细。