The initial characteristics of the polypyrrole based aqueous rechargeable batteries with supercapattery characteristics

Figure captions Fig. 1. Cyclic voltammogram of the PPy electrode in 2 M NH4Cl and 1.1 M ZnCl2 a) Galvanostatic polymerization of pyrrole from 1 M HCl and 0.1 M pyrrole, b) Polarization curve (v = 1 mV s-1) of the zinc electrode in 2 M NH4Cl and 1.1 M ZnCl2. Fig. 2. a) The dependence of the PPy potentials over time on applied currents, b) The dependence of the voltage over time on applied currents of Zn|PPy cell. Fig. 3. The dependence of the charge-discharge capacity (left) and specific capacity (right) on applied current. Inset: Coulombic efficiency on applied current and specific current based on PPy mass. Fig. 4. Cyclization of the Zn|PPy cell. Inset: The dependence of the PPy specific charge-discharge capacity on cycle number. Fig. 5. Electrochemical formation of PPy, PbO2 and PbSO4 Fig. 6. Cyclic voltammograms of the investigated materials in 1 M H2SO4 and 0.5 M (NH4)2SO4 Fig. 7. Charge-discharge curves of the investigated materials for the different currents. Fig. 8. The dependence of charge-discharge capacity (left) and specific capacity based on PPy mass (right) on applied current. Inset: The dependence of the Coulombic efficiency (C.E.), for PPy end discharge potentials of –1 V (○) and –0.45 V (), on specific discharge current. Fig. 9. Cyclization of the PPy|PbO2 cell with an applied current of 6 mA. Inset: dependence of the charge-discharge voltage on specific capacity based on PPy. Fig. 10. Cyclization of the PbSO4|PPy cell with an applied current of 6 mA. Inset: dependence of the charge-discharge voltage on specific capacity based on PPy. Fig. 11. The dependence of the charge-discharge voltages on the specific capacities based on active masses at a current of 6 mA (1 mA cm-2), of the investigated cells.图注：图1. 2 M氯化铵（NH₄Cl）与1.1 M氯化锌（ZnCl₂）溶液中聚吡咯（PPy, Polypyrrole）电极的循环伏安图（cyclic voltammogram）：a) 于1 M盐酸（HCl）与0.1 M吡咯（pyrrole）体系中进行吡咯的恒电流聚合（galvanostatic polymerization）；b) 2 M氯化铵与1.1 M氯化锌溶液中锌电极的极化曲线（polarization curve，扫描速率v=1 mV·s⁻¹）。图2. a) 施加电流下聚吡咯电位随时间的变化关系；b) Zn|PPy电池的施加电流下电压随时间的变化关系。图3. 充放电容量（charge-discharge capacity，左轴）与比容量（specific capacity，右轴）随施加电流的变化关系。插图：基于聚吡咯质量的库仑效率（Coulombic efficiency）与比放电电流的对应关系。图4. Zn|PPy电池的循环性能测试。插图：聚吡咯比充放电容量随循环圈数的变化关系。图5. 聚吡咯、二氧化铅（PbO₂）与硫酸铅（PbSO₄）的电化学生成过程。图6. 1 M硫酸（H₂SO₄）与0.5 M硫酸铵[(NH₄)₂SO₄]溶液中各被测材料的循环伏安图。图7. 不同施加电流下各被测材料的充放电曲线。图8. 充放电容量（左轴）与基于聚吡咯质量的比容量（右轴）随施加电流的变化关系。插图：聚吡咯在放电截止电位为–1 V（○）与–0.45 V（△）时的库仑效率（C.E.）随比放电电流的变化关系。图9. 施加电流为6 mA时PPy|PbO₂电池的循环性能测试。插图：基于聚吡咯质量的充放电电压随比容量的变化关系。图10. 施加电流为6 mA时PbSO₄|PPy电池的循环性能测试。插图：基于聚吡咯质量的充放电电压随比容量的变化关系。图11. 施加电流为6 mA（电流密度1 mA·cm⁻²）时，各被测电池的基于活性物质质量的充放电电压随比容量的变化关系。