The relationships between insomnia, physical health, loneliness, and life satisfaction within a biopsychosocial model of well-being

The cross-sectional survey study comprised 511 undergraduate students from several universities in Saudi Arabia, including 72.60% women. Most of the students were between 18 and 23 years old (90.02%), studying the health track (70.06%), with the majority being in their second year of studies (31.51%), which is commonly referred to as the first year of specialty after the preparatory year. The data were collected online between April and September 2024. The survey included standardized psychological questionnaires: the General Self-Rated Health (GSRH-2), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS-5), UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS-8). The study examines gender differences in all variables and associations between loneliness, insomnia, physical health, and life satisfaction. The study hypothesized that insomnia and physical health mediate the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction.