BORROWINGS AND NEOLOGISMS IN MODERN ENGLISH

This article examines the role of borrowings and neologisms in the development of modern English vocabulary. English has historically expanded through intensive contact with other languages, resulting in the incorporation of lexical items from French, Latin, Scandinavian languages, Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Chinese, Japanese, and many other linguistic sources. In contemporary English, globalization, technological development, social media, international business, popular culture, and scientific innovation have accelerated lexical change and stimulated the emergence of new words and meanings. The study analyzes major types and sources of lexical borrowing, contemporary neologism formation processes, including compounding, derivation, blending, clipping, abbreviation, conversion, semantic extension, and borrowing. Particular attention is given to digital neologisms such as livestream, cryptocurrency, catfishing, ghosting, prompt engineering, and retweet. The research demonstrates that borrowing and neologism formation are not isolated processes but interconnected mechanisms of lexical expansion. Modern English therefore represents a highly dynamic lexical system capable of rapidly incorporating linguistic and cultural innovations.