High-resolution Multi-environmental-indicator Livestock Emissions of China (HMLE-China): A 1-km Stage-resolved Emission Inventory

HMLE-China is a spatially explicit, high-resolution, stage-resolved, multi-pollutant livestock emission inventory for mainland China in 2022. The dataset provides a comprehensive suite of GeoTIFF raster layers at a spatial resolution of 1 km, covering five major livestock species (beef cattle, dairy cows, swine, sheep/goats, and poultry), two production systems (extensive and intensive), four emission-related production stages (enteric fermentation, housing management, manure management, and energy use), and nine enivrionmental indicators of greenhouse gas, air pollutant, and water pollutant. In total, the dataset contains 985 GeoTIFF files, forming a nationally consistent, gridded emission inventory that enables full-chain environmental accounting of livestock production systems. Emissions are explicitly resolved by species, production system, and process stage, allowing detailed attribution of environmental burdens across heterogeneous livestock management practices. The inventory integrates multiple emission pathways, including direct biological emissions (e.g., enteric CH4 and manure-related CH4 and N2O), indirect nitrogen transformations (e.g., NH3 volatilization and downstream nitrogen emissions), energy-related emissions (coal, diesel, and electricity use), and nutrient-related pathways (nitrogen and phosphorus flows in both process-based and water-related compartments). This dataset is designed to support spatially explicit environmental assessment, policy analysis, and mitigation strategy development for livestock systems. It enables consistent evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutants, and water pollutants within a unified multi-pollutant framework, facilitating integrated assessment of environmental trade-offs across production systems and regions. The dataset can be used for national-scale environmental footprint analysis, hotspot identification, life-cycle assessment, and climate-air-water co-benefit studies of livestock production systems.