Greenland ice sheet 10 m subsurface temperature compilation 1912-2022

This dataset contains the subsurface temperature observation interpolated at a 10 m depth compiled for the following study: Vandecrux, B., Fausto, R. S., Box, J., Covi, F., Hock, R., Rennermalm, A., Heilig, A., Abermann, J., van As, D., Bjerre, E., Fettweis, X., Smeets, P.C.J.P., Kuipers Munneke, P., van den Broeke, M., Brils, M., Langen, P.L., Mottram, R., Ahlstrøm, A.: Historical snow and ice temperature observations document the recent warming of the Greenland ice sheet, Submitted to the Cryosphere, 2023. When using this dataset please cite both the study above and the individual studies listed in the \"reference\" field. Data processing: For the temperatures continuously recorded by thermistor or thermocouple strings, the depth of each temperature sensor below the surface was calculated using installation depths and recorded surface height. Wherever necessary, we interpolated the available temperature profiles linearly to 10 m depth and allowed linear extrapolation if at least two measurements were available within 2 m of the 10 m depth. The resulting T10m values were then aggregated as monthly means if they originated from continuous measurements, or left as instantaneous values otherwise. Data structure: In the 10m_temperature_dataset_monthly.csv file, each data point has the following attributes: date: in YYY-MM-DD format site latitude longitude elevation depthOfTemperatureObservation: currently 10 m for all. May expend to all depths in future releases temperatureObserved reference: see list below reference_short note error durationOpen (for compatibility with the SUMup dataset often not known) durationMeasured: Indicate if a measurement is a monthly average or an instantaneous value method Dataset composition: Reference Start End Number of measurements Koch (1913) 1912 1913 5 Wegener (1930) 1930 1930 8 Heuberger (1954) 1950 1950 2 Benson (1962) 1954 1955 59 Schytt (1955) 1954 1954 31 Nobles (1960) 1954 1954 7 Heuberger (1954) 1954 1954 1 Meier et al. (1957) 1955 1955 4 Griffiths (1960) 1955 1956 38 de Quervain (1969) 1957 1964 8 Ambach (1979) 1959 1959 2 Langway (1961) 1959 1959 14 U.S. Army Transportation Board (1960) 1960 1960 4 Davies (1954) 1960 1960 7 Davies (1967) 1962 1962 1 Mock (1965) 1964 1964 12 Mock and Ragle (1963) 1964 1964 31 Weertman et al. (1968) 1966 1966 1 Colbeck and Gow (1979) 1973 1973 3 Clausen et al. (1988) 1974 1985 11 Clausen and Hammer (1988) 1977 1977 1 Stauffer and Oeschger (1979) 1978 1978 3 Clement (1984) 1983 1983 4 Thomsen et al. (1991) 1990 1991 8 Ohmura et al. (1992) 1990 1990 3 GC-Net unpublished 1991 2010 170 Braithwaite (1993) 1991 1992 12 Laternser (1994) 1992 1992 16 Schwager (2000) 1994 1994 1 Historical GC-Net: 1995 2022 1665 Steffen et al. (1996, 2001, 2023); Vandecrux et al. (2023) Giese and Hawley (2015) 2004 2008 47 Humphrey et al. (2012) 2007 2009 57 PROMICE: 2008 2023 1346 Fausto et al. (2021); How et al. (2022) Smeets et al. (2018) 2009 2016 160 Harrington et al. (2015) 2010 2012 5 Hills et al. (2018) 2011 2017 109 Charalampidis et al. (2016) & Charalampidis et al. (2022) 2012 2013 29 Yamaguchi et al. (2014) 2012 2012 1 Miller et al. (2020) 2013 2017 68 Polashenski et al. (2014) 2013 2013 2 Matoba et al. (2015) 2014 2014 1 MacFerrin et al. 2015 2019 311 (2021, 2022) Kjær et al. (2015) 2015 2015 2 Heilig et al. (2018) 2016 2021 58 Vandecrux et al. (2021); Colgan and Vandecrux (2021) 2017 2022 119 Covi et al. (2022, 2023) 2017 2019 77 Law et al. (2021) 2019 2019 1 GC-Net continuation: 2021 2023 134 Fausto et al. (2021); How et al. (2022) Total: 4659 References: Ambach, W., Zum Wärmehaushalt des Grönländischen Inlandeises: Vergleichende Studie im Akkumulations- und Ablationsgebiet, Polarforschung 49 (1): 44-54, 1979 Benson, C. S. (1962) Stratigraphic studies in the snow and firn of the Greenland ice sheet, U. S. Army Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment (USA SIPRE) Research Report 70, 93p Braithwaite, R. (1993). Firn temperature and meltwater refreezing in the lower accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet, Pâkitsoq, West Greenland. Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, 159, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v159.8218 Charalampidis, C., Van As, D., Colgan, W.T., Fausto, R.S., Macferrin, M. and Machguth, H., 2016. Thermal tracing of retained meltwater in the lower accumulation area of the Southwestern Greenland ice sheet. Annals of Glaciology, 57(72), pp.1-10. Clausen HB and Stauffer B (1988) Analyses of Two Ice Cores Drilled at the Ice-Sheet Margin in West Greenland. Annals of Glaciology 10, 23–27 (doi:10.3189/S0260305500004109) Clausen, H., N. Gundestrup, S. Johnsen, R. Bindschadler and J. Zwally (1988), Glaciological investigations in the Crete area, Central Greenland: A search for a new deep-drilling site. Ann. Glaciol.,10, 10-15. Clausen, H., and Hammer, C. (1988). The laki and tambora eruptions as revealed in Greenland ice cores from 11 locations. J. Glaciology 10, 16–22. doi:10.1017/s026030550000409 Clement, P....