Both diet and sociality affect primate brain-size evolution

Increased brain size in humans and other primates is hypothesized to confer cognitive benefits but brings costs associated with growing and maintaining energetically expensive neural tissue. Previous studies have argued that changes in either diet or levels of sociality led to shifts in brain size, but results were equivocal. Here we test these hypotheses using phylogenetic comparative methods designed to jointly account for and estimate the effects of adaptation and phylogeny. Using the largest current sample of primate brain and body sizes with observation error, complemented by newly compiled diet and sociality data, we show that both diet and sociality have influenced the evolution of brain size. Shifting from simple to more complex levels of sociality resulted in relatively larger brains, while shifting to a more folivorous diet led to relatively smaller brains. While our results support the role of sociality, they modify a range of ecological hypotheses centered on the importance ..., Data on brain and body size, sociality, and diet were collected from the literature, and species-level measurement error in brain and body size was calculated following Grabowski et al. (2016). Supplementary text includes additional results not included in main article., Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word - can also be opened with Google Sheets and Google Docs. PDF files can be opened with PDF viewers and with Google Chrome., Title of Dataset Associated Supplementary Material associated with Grabowski et al. (2023) - Both Diet and Sociality Affect Primate Brain-Size Evolution Description of the data and file structure 1. Grabowski_SB Data File S1.xlsx - Data includes Microsoft Excel file with complete data (Data File S1) associated with Grabowski et al. (2023). This is broken down into primate species information for brain and body size with calculated measurement error, summary diet data, diet data from multiple sources, sociality data, and group size and activity data, separated by tabs in the Excel file. Color coding is explained on each sheet but relates to whether or not a datum was used in the analysis and/or is new to this dataset. All abbreviations are explained on the associated Excel sheets. 2. Grabowski_SB_10K.tre - modified phylogeny based on 10K Trees Primate Phylogeny with species attributions updated to match dataset. 3. Grabowski_SB Data File References - Complete references for the ...人类与其他灵长类动物的大脑体积增大，被推测可带来认知益处，但同时也伴随着发育和维持高能耗神经组织所需承担的代价。既往研究提出，饮食或社会性水平的改变会驱动大脑体积的演化，但相关结论始终未能达成一致。本研究采用同时兼顾并估算适应效应与系统发育影响的系统发育比较方法，对上述假说开展检验。本研究借助当前规模最大的、包含观测误差的灵长类脑与体尺寸数据集，并辅以新汇编的饮食与社会性数据，证实饮食与社会性均对灵长类大脑体积的演化产生影响：从简单社会性向复杂社会性转变会促使相对脑体积增大，而转向以叶食性为主的饮食则会导致相对脑体积缩小。本研究结果既支持了社会性在脑演化中的作用，同时也修正了一系列围绕生态因子重要性的相关假说…… 本研究的脑与体尺寸、社会性及饮食数据均采集自已发表文献，物种水平的脑与体尺寸观测误差按照Grabowski等人（2016）的方法计算得到。补充文本包含正文未收录的额外研究结果。本数据集可通过Microsoft Excel与Microsoft Word打开，也可使用Google Sheets与Google Docs读取；PDF文件可通过PDF阅读器及Google Chrome打开。 数据集标题 与Grabowski等人（2023）配套的补充材料——饮食与社会性共同影响灵长类大脑体积演化 数据与文件结构说明 1. Grabowski_SB Data File S1.xlsx：本研究配套的完整数据Excel文件（Data File S1），各工作表以制表符分隔，涵盖以下内容：灵长类物种的脑、体尺寸及其计算得到的观测误差数据，汇总饮食数据、多来源饮食数据、社会性数据，以及群体规模与活动数据。各工作表均附带颜色编码说明，用于标注数据是否纳入本次分析、是否为本次数据集新增内容；所有缩写的释义均标注于对应Excel工作表中。 2. Grabowski_SB_10K.tre：基于10K Trees灵长类系统发育树修改得到的系统发育文件，物种归属已更新以匹配本数据集。 3. Grabowski_SB Data File References：本次数据集的完整参考文献列表……